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<p>The recovery of ammonia and its subsequent valorization into fertilizer was investigated using a Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) system integrated with Solvent-Driven Fractional Crystallization (SDFC). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of DCMD operational parameters, evaluate the performance of different acidic stripping solutions and commercial hydrophobic membranes, and demonstrate the feasibility of crystallizing the recovered ammonium salts into viable solid fertilizers. Operational parameters screening revealed that a feed pH of 12, 60&#xa0;°C temperature, and a flowrate of 4&#xa0;L/min yielded the highest ammonia recovery and permeate flux over a 6&#xa0;h test duration. Among the stripping solutions tested (H₂SO₄ and H₃PO₄), 0.75&#xa0;N sulfuric acid (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) achieved the highest ammonia recovery rate of 96.99%, surpassing phosphoric acid (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>) and distilled water. A decrease in ammonia recovery, from 91.62% to 85.23%, was observed as the concentration of H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> increased from 0.75&#xa0;N to 3.00&#xa0;N. Furthermore, the study evaluated the performance of three commercial hydrophobic membranes—polypropylene (PP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and PTFE laminated with PP (PTFE/PP). The PTFE membrane exhibited the highest water vapor flux at 12.37&#xa0;kg/m<sup>2</sup>.h but demonstrated lower ammonia selectivity compared to PP and PP/PTFE membranes. 14 days chemical stability screening under prolonged acid exposure revealed a decline in membrane hydrophobicity following acid exposure, resulting in partial pore wetting and reduced DCMD performance. The SDFC method effectively recovered solid fertilizers from the permeate, achieving crystallization efficiencies of 81.94% for Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP) and 72.45% for Ammonium Bisulfate.</p>

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Recovery of ammonia and fertilizer production via an integrated direct-contact membrane distillation and crystallization system

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月13日

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  • Anas Abdelgadir,
  • Hazim Qiblawey,
  • Dong Suk Han,
  • Fathima Sifani,
  • Mohammed J. Al-Marri

摘要

The recovery of ammonia and its subsequent valorization into fertilizer was investigated using a Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) system integrated with Solvent-Driven Fractional Crystallization (SDFC). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of DCMD operational parameters, evaluate the performance of different acidic stripping solutions and commercial hydrophobic membranes, and demonstrate the feasibility of crystallizing the recovered ammonium salts into viable solid fertilizers. Operational parameters screening revealed that a feed pH of 12, 60 °C temperature, and a flowrate of 4 L/min yielded the highest ammonia recovery and permeate flux over a 6 h test duration. Among the stripping solutions tested (H₂SO₄ and H₃PO₄), 0.75 N sulfuric acid (H2SO4) achieved the highest ammonia recovery rate of 96.99%, surpassing phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and distilled water. A decrease in ammonia recovery, from 91.62% to 85.23%, was observed as the concentration of H3PO4 increased from 0.75 N to 3.00 N. Furthermore, the study evaluated the performance of three commercial hydrophobic membranes—polypropylene (PP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and PTFE laminated with PP (PTFE/PP). The PTFE membrane exhibited the highest water vapor flux at 12.37 kg/m2.h but demonstrated lower ammonia selectivity compared to PP and PP/PTFE membranes. 14 days chemical stability screening under prolonged acid exposure revealed a decline in membrane hydrophobicity following acid exposure, resulting in partial pore wetting and reduced DCMD performance. The SDFC method effectively recovered solid fertilizers from the permeate, achieving crystallization efficiencies of 81.94% for Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP) and 72.45% for Ammonium Bisulfate.