<p>The emergence of superabsorbent hydrogels (SAPs) has attracted growing scientific and industrial interest arising from their multifunctional properties and significant potential applications. This review provides a critical, structured analysis of polysaccharide-based superabsorbent hydrogels, focusing on their biodegradability, natural abundance, biocompatibility, and economic viability. The impact of cross-linking, functionalization, and the primary formulation techniques on the structure of the polymer network is examined. Furthermore, a brief discussion is provided on how important variables such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, initiator, and crosslinker content affect SAPs’ ability to swell and their structural characteristics. Finally, the main application fields of bio-based SAPs, including agriculture, water management, the environment, biomedicine, and cosmetics, are presented and discussed. The prospects for the development of SAPs therefore rely on a cross-disciplinary approach that optimizes synthesis and chemical modification processes, aligns characterization methods, and rigorously assesses biocompatibility, biodegradability, and regulatory requirements to ensure their safety, efficacy, and large-scale deployment.</p>