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<p>This study establishes a structure-surface-property framework for sodium alginate (SA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels incorporating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) synthesized via an ethanolic extract of <i>Cnidoscolus aconitifolius</i> (chaya). ZnO formation proceeds through alkaline precipitation, while phytochemical species from the extract act as growth-modulating and surface-stabilizing agents rather than primary reductants. X-ray diffraction confirms preservation of the wurtzite crystalline phase with reduced crystallite size (~ 9.2&#xa0;nm), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy together with thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate distinct surface-associated organic signatures in extract-assisted nanoparticles compared to extract-free ZnO. To isolate interfacial effects, nanoparticles synthesized with and without extract were incorporated into an identical SA/PVA dual-network matrix. Rheological analysis reveals an order-of-magnitude increase in storage modulus and expansion of the linear viscoelastic region, indicating nanoparticle-induced modification of network relaxation dynamics through interfacial polymer confinement rather than simple filler inclusion. The composite system also exhibits concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i>. These findings demonstrate that solvent-controlled phytochemical mediation during ZnO synthesis produces measurable surface modifications that directly influence hydrogel mechanics, providing a mechanistically grounded platform for environmentally benign nanocomposite development.</p>

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Green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles modulating viscoelastic and antibacterial behavior in alginate-PVA hydrogels

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Kristhel Ordoñez,
  • Luis F. Jiménez-Contreras,
  • Jesús Ramón-Sierra,
  • Elizabeth Ortiz-Vázquez,
  • Geonel Rodríguez-Gattorno,
  • Leonardo Hernández,
  • María A. Fernández-Herrera

摘要

This study establishes a structure-surface-property framework for sodium alginate (SA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels incorporating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) synthesized via an ethanolic extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (chaya). ZnO formation proceeds through alkaline precipitation, while phytochemical species from the extract act as growth-modulating and surface-stabilizing agents rather than primary reductants. X-ray diffraction confirms preservation of the wurtzite crystalline phase with reduced crystallite size (~ 9.2 nm), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy together with thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate distinct surface-associated organic signatures in extract-assisted nanoparticles compared to extract-free ZnO. To isolate interfacial effects, nanoparticles synthesized with and without extract were incorporated into an identical SA/PVA dual-network matrix. Rheological analysis reveals an order-of-magnitude increase in storage modulus and expansion of the linear viscoelastic region, indicating nanoparticle-induced modification of network relaxation dynamics through interfacial polymer confinement rather than simple filler inclusion. The composite system also exhibits concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. These findings demonstrate that solvent-controlled phytochemical mediation during ZnO synthesis produces measurable surface modifications that directly influence hydrogel mechanics, providing a mechanistically grounded platform for environmentally benign nanocomposite development.