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<p>Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have wide-ranging applications, including biomedicine, healthcare, environmental remediation, agriculture, food industry, etc., and their performance can be significantly affected by rare earth elements (REEs) doping. Accordingly, ZnO-NPs co-doped with varying amounts (<i>x</i> = 0.0-0.05) of heavy Er and Y REEs were prepared to assess their dual biological role: targeted anticancer efficacy and environmental phytotoxicity. The physicochemical characterization confirmed the successful formation of REEs co-doped ZnO samples. The morphological results revealed that REEs co-doping caused changes in the microstructure of ZnO-NPs, resulting in reduced particle sizes. Additionally, colloidal stability was found to be affected by REEs co-doping. The cytotoxicity assays against HCT-116 cancerous cells and HEK-293 non-cancerous cells showed that the anti-cancer activity highly depended on the content of co-dopants. The optimal concentration for Y and Er co-doping was <i>x</i> = 0.01, achieving the best cytotoxicity performance, with a 2.57-fold higher selectivity for killing cancer cells (<i>IC</i><sub>50</sub>=11.45 ± 2.40&#xa0;µg/ml) compared to non-cancerous cells (29.45 ± 3.58&#xa0;µg/ml). Simultaneously, assessments in barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare </i>L<i>.</i>) plant model revealed that while the NPs promoted root growth and mitigated pigment loss, they also induced localized membrane injury and genomic instability. This biological paradox implies that the co-integration of Er/Y REEs into ZnO lattice enhances therapeutic selectivity and plant physiological traits (like chlorophyll recovery) through hormetic mechanisms, yet simultaneously initiates stress-response pathways. These findings underscore the necessity of balancing high-performance biomedical applications with stringent ecological monitoring to ensure sustainable nanotechnological practices.</p>

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Unveiling the dual biological role of Er/Y heavy REEs Co-doped ZnO nanoparticles: selective anti-colorectal cancer efficacy and effects on barley physiology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月3日

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  • Yassine Slimani,
  • Huseyin Tombuloglu,
  • Firdos A. Khan,
  • Atul Thakur

摘要

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have wide-ranging applications, including biomedicine, healthcare, environmental remediation, agriculture, food industry, etc., and their performance can be significantly affected by rare earth elements (REEs) doping. Accordingly, ZnO-NPs co-doped with varying amounts (x = 0.0-0.05) of heavy Er and Y REEs were prepared to assess their dual biological role: targeted anticancer efficacy and environmental phytotoxicity. The physicochemical characterization confirmed the successful formation of REEs co-doped ZnO samples. The morphological results revealed that REEs co-doping caused changes in the microstructure of ZnO-NPs, resulting in reduced particle sizes. Additionally, colloidal stability was found to be affected by REEs co-doping. The cytotoxicity assays against HCT-116 cancerous cells and HEK-293 non-cancerous cells showed that the anti-cancer activity highly depended on the content of co-dopants. The optimal concentration for Y and Er co-doping was x = 0.01, achieving the best cytotoxicity performance, with a 2.57-fold higher selectivity for killing cancer cells (IC50=11.45 ± 2.40 µg/ml) compared to non-cancerous cells (29.45 ± 3.58 µg/ml). Simultaneously, assessments in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plant model revealed that while the NPs promoted root growth and mitigated pigment loss, they also induced localized membrane injury and genomic instability. This biological paradox implies that the co-integration of Er/Y REEs into ZnO lattice enhances therapeutic selectivity and plant physiological traits (like chlorophyll recovery) through hormetic mechanisms, yet simultaneously initiates stress-response pathways. These findings underscore the necessity of balancing high-performance biomedical applications with stringent ecological monitoring to ensure sustainable nanotechnological practices.