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<p>In this study, a visible-light-responsive CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/S-doped g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> (CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) nanocomposite was synthesized via a co-precipitation route and evaluated for photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) and methylene blue (MB) under visible-light irradiation. X-ray diffraction confirmed the successful integration of spinel CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> with S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, while optical analysis revealed a narrowed band gap of 1.86&#xa0;eV for the composite, enabling enhanced visible-light absorption. The CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite exhibited significantly improved photocatalytic performance, achieving degradation efficiencies of 70.01% for AMX and 91.93% for MB within 120&#xa0;min. The reaction kinetics followed a pseudo-first-order model with apparent rate constants of 0.0108&#xa0;min<sup>− 1</sup> (AMX) and 0.0226&#xa0;min<sup>− 1</sup> (MB), which were markedly higher than those of the individual components. The enhanced activity is attributed to the formation of a direct Z-scheme heterojunction, which promotes efficient charge carrier separation while preserving strong redox potentials. In this configuration, photogenerated electrons in the conduction band of S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> participate in oxygen reduction, whereas holes in the valence band of CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> drive oxidation reactions, leading to effective reactive oxygen species generation. The magnetic nature of CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> further enables facile catalyst recovery, supporting practical applicability. Furthermore, the synergistic interaction between CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> establishes a robust Z-scheme photocatalyst with enhanced visible-light activity, stability, and recyclability, demonstrating strong potential for sustainable wastewater treatment.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Structural, optical and magnetic properties of CoFe2O4 coupled with Sulfur-doped g-C3N4 for enhanced visible light-driven photocatalytic antibacterial drug and industrial dye degradation applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Meena Nanjappan,
  • Hemamalini Rajagopalan,
  • Vijayalakshmi Pandurangan,
  • P Elaiyaraja

摘要

In this study, a visible-light-responsive CoFe2O4/S-doped g-C3N4 (CoFe2O4/S-g-C3N4) nanocomposite was synthesized via a co-precipitation route and evaluated for photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) and methylene blue (MB) under visible-light irradiation. X-ray diffraction confirmed the successful integration of spinel CoFe2O4 with S-g-C3N4, while optical analysis revealed a narrowed band gap of 1.86 eV for the composite, enabling enhanced visible-light absorption. The CoFe2O4/S-g-C3N4 nanocomposite exhibited significantly improved photocatalytic performance, achieving degradation efficiencies of 70.01% for AMX and 91.93% for MB within 120 min. The reaction kinetics followed a pseudo-first-order model with apparent rate constants of 0.0108 min− 1 (AMX) and 0.0226 min− 1 (MB), which were markedly higher than those of the individual components. The enhanced activity is attributed to the formation of a direct Z-scheme heterojunction, which promotes efficient charge carrier separation while preserving strong redox potentials. In this configuration, photogenerated electrons in the conduction band of S-g-C3N4 participate in oxygen reduction, whereas holes in the valence band of CoFe2O4 drive oxidation reactions, leading to effective reactive oxygen species generation. The magnetic nature of CoFe2O4 further enables facile catalyst recovery, supporting practical applicability. Furthermore, the synergistic interaction between CoFe2O4 and S-g-C3N4 establishes a robust Z-scheme photocatalyst with enhanced visible-light activity, stability, and recyclability, demonstrating strong potential for sustainable wastewater treatment.

Graphical abstract