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<p>The rise in antibiotic-resistant pathogens poses one of the most pressing challenges to global public health and underscores the need for new antimicrobial materials. One promising solution is the use of perovskite-ferrite nanocomposites, which exhibit magnetoelectric coupling. These materials serve as effective antibacterial agents that can prevent the formation of harmful bacteria, even at very low concentrations. To achieve this, in the present study, Co<sub>0.8</sub>Cd<sub>0.2</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by the sol-gel auto-combustion method and then mixed with barium titanate (BaTiO<sub>3</sub>) nanopowder prepared by a solid-state reaction, denoted as (<i>x</i>)BaTiO<sub>3</sub>+(1-<i>x</i>)CoCdFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> with <i>x</i> values of 0.05 and 0.15. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, revealed that the pristine magneto-dielectric samples exhibited a cubic structure, and the result shows that by increasing the amount of (BaTiO<sub>3</sub>), the crystallite size increased from 37.75&#xa0;nm to 47.94&#xa0;nm. Morphological observations and chemical composition analyses, conducted using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, confirmed the successful fabrication of phase-pure products. Magnetization properties were investigated using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). It was found that the saturation magnetization (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{M}_{s}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and the remnant magnetization (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{M}_{r}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) decrease with a higher content of the BaTiO<sub>3</sub> phase <i>x</i> = 0.15. The dielectric results showed a gradual reduction in the dielectric function with increasing frequency. This trend can be explained by models such as the Maxwell-Wagner and Cobb models. Whereas the dielectric constant gradually increased, the dielectric loss marginally decreased with the increase of barium titanate. Testing this composite as an antibacterial agent using the agar well diffusion method revealed that <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> was most sensitive to pure ferrite and to increasing levels of barium titanate. <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> also exhibited sensitivity to these materials. In contrast, <i>Escherichia coli</i> demonstrated the highest resistance to both. The findings indicate that substituting cations within the cubic spinel lattice significantly influences the structural, electrical, magnetic, and antibacterial characteristics of ferrite nanoparticles.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effect of barium titanate content on the magnetic, dielectric, and antibacterial properties of (x)BaTiO3+(1-x)CoCdFe2O4 nanocomposites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月15日

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  • Hanaa Sh. Ahmed,
  • Salah R. Saeed,
  • Ali M. Mohammad

摘要

The rise in antibiotic-resistant pathogens poses one of the most pressing challenges to global public health and underscores the need for new antimicrobial materials. One promising solution is the use of perovskite-ferrite nanocomposites, which exhibit magnetoelectric coupling. These materials serve as effective antibacterial agents that can prevent the formation of harmful bacteria, even at very low concentrations. To achieve this, in the present study, Co0.8Cd0.2Fe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by the sol-gel auto-combustion method and then mixed with barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanopowder prepared by a solid-state reaction, denoted as (x)BaTiO3+(1-x)CoCdFe2O4 with x values of 0.05 and 0.15. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, revealed that the pristine magneto-dielectric samples exhibited a cubic structure, and the result shows that by increasing the amount of (BaTiO3), the crystallite size increased from 37.75 nm to 47.94 nm. Morphological observations and chemical composition analyses, conducted using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, confirmed the successful fabrication of phase-pure products. Magnetization properties were investigated using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). It was found that the saturation magnetization ( \(\:{M}_{s}\) ) and the remnant magnetization ( \(\:{M}_{r}\) ) decrease with a higher content of the BaTiO3 phase x = 0.15. The dielectric results showed a gradual reduction in the dielectric function with increasing frequency. This trend can be explained by models such as the Maxwell-Wagner and Cobb models. Whereas the dielectric constant gradually increased, the dielectric loss marginally decreased with the increase of barium titanate. Testing this composite as an antibacterial agent using the agar well diffusion method revealed that Streptococcus pneumoniae was most sensitive to pure ferrite and to increasing levels of barium titanate. Staphylococcus aureus also exhibited sensitivity to these materials. In contrast, Escherichia coli demonstrated the highest resistance to both. The findings indicate that substituting cations within the cubic spinel lattice significantly influences the structural, electrical, magnetic, and antibacterial characteristics of ferrite nanoparticles.

Graphical Abstract