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<p>The widespread use of pharmaceuticals has led to increasing concern over the environmental persistence and biological risks of paracetamol (PA). Its frequent detection in surface and drinking water highlights the need for sensitive, rapid, and on-site detection methods. In this study, we present the first application of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor for PA detection. The sensor is functionalized with a nanocomposite of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes, combining SAW’s high sensitivity with nanomaterial-based molecular selectivity. A fully integrated platform is developed, featuring a microfluidic sampling module and automated real-time phase response acquisition. The system exhibited a clear linear relationship between phase shift and the logarithm of PA concentration over a broad range (100 nM–1 mM), achieving a sensitivity of 0.9799°/decade (R² = 0.9995) and a limit of detection (LoD) of 28.6 nM. The response time reached 3.26&#xa0;s, and the device demonstrated good repeatability (RSD = 6.53%) and excellent dynamic response stability. The device also maintained thermal stability from 20&#xa0;°C to 50&#xa0;°C with minimal signal drift. Furthermore, robust anti-interference performance was confirmed against a range of potential interferents, including 10-fold concentrations of common inorganic ions (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, SO₄²⁻) and molecules (ascorbic acid, glucose, uric acid), with signal variations below 5%. Environmental and pharmaceutical real-sample tests verified the method’s practical suitability for determining PA, delivering satisfactory results. This work demonstrates a novel SAW-based sensing strategy for pharmaceutical pollutant detection and opens new possibilities for portable, label-free chemical monitoring in environmental and biomedical fields.</p>

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MWCNTs-TiO₂NPs nanocomposite modified surface acoustic wave sensor system for sensitive and selective detection of paracetamol

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月15日

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  • Zhenyu Wu,
  • Tianqi Lu,
  • Xu Zhang,
  • Anurag Adiraju,
  • Ammar Al-Hamry,
  • Tatiana Lima Valério,
  • Marcio Vidotti,
  • Surinder Singh,
  • Nourdin Yaakoubi,
  • Chouki Zerrouki,
  • Najla Fourati,
  • Olfa Kanoun

摘要

The widespread use of pharmaceuticals has led to increasing concern over the environmental persistence and biological risks of paracetamol (PA). Its frequent detection in surface and drinking water highlights the need for sensitive, rapid, and on-site detection methods. In this study, we present the first application of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor for PA detection. The sensor is functionalized with a nanocomposite of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes, combining SAW’s high sensitivity with nanomaterial-based molecular selectivity. A fully integrated platform is developed, featuring a microfluidic sampling module and automated real-time phase response acquisition. The system exhibited a clear linear relationship between phase shift and the logarithm of PA concentration over a broad range (100 nM–1 mM), achieving a sensitivity of 0.9799°/decade (R² = 0.9995) and a limit of detection (LoD) of 28.6 nM. The response time reached 3.26 s, and the device demonstrated good repeatability (RSD = 6.53%) and excellent dynamic response stability. The device also maintained thermal stability from 20 °C to 50 °C with minimal signal drift. Furthermore, robust anti-interference performance was confirmed against a range of potential interferents, including 10-fold concentrations of common inorganic ions (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, SO₄²⁻) and molecules (ascorbic acid, glucose, uric acid), with signal variations below 5%. Environmental and pharmaceutical real-sample tests verified the method’s practical suitability for determining PA, delivering satisfactory results. This work demonstrates a novel SAW-based sensing strategy for pharmaceutical pollutant detection and opens new possibilities for portable, label-free chemical monitoring in environmental and biomedical fields.