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<p>In this study, eco-friendly ultrafiltration (UF) membrane is developed using a blend of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polylactic acid (PLA) polymers. The UF membrane is modified with green additive nanoparticles (NPs) derived from onion peel waste (OPW), to enhance anti-fouling performance in oily wastewater treatment. The PAN/PLA/OPW membrane is prepared using a phase inversion technique and systematically investigated using FTIR, FE-SEM, AFM, EDX, along with contact angle measurement, porosity determination, mechanical strength testing, and surface roughness evaluation. The effects of varying OPW NP loadings (0.025–0.15 wt.%) on membrane properties and performance are examined. At a membrane loading of 0.1 wt.%, it exhibits a significant enhancement in performance, with an improvement in pure water flux to 931 L/m<sup>2</sup>.h from 524 L/m<sup>2</sup>.h for pristine PAN/PLA, driven by improved hydrophilicity (contact angle reduced from 66.8° to 34.6°), porosity (69% to 95%), and tensile strength (7.81 to 11.7&#xa0;MPa). Under a feed at an oil concentration 50 ppm and a pressure 2&#xa0;bar, the modified membrane achieves an oil rejection of 65.8%, which increases to 100% at 550&#xa0;ppm, highlighting its strong performance at higher contaminant loads. The flux recovery ratio (FRR) reaches 95.8%, leading to enhanced anti-fouling properties. Surface roughness decreases, enhancing foulant resistance. After four operation-cleaning cycles, oil rejection efficiency remains stable with only a slight decline in flux. The modified membrane demonstrates reliable chemical and operational stability, showing its ability to operate continuously for 48&#xa0;h without noticeable performance degradation, exhibiting its compatibility with water treatment environments containing complex chemical components. Utilizing low-cost agricultural waste as a source of NPs contributes to reducing the environmental footprint and promoting the concept of a circular economy within engineering solutions. The residual oil content in the effluent remains below 5&#xa0;ppm, aligning with World Health Organization (WHO) environmental discharge standards. Overall, the PAN/PLA/OPW membranes demonstrate high separation efficiency, durability, and environmental sustainability, thus qualifying them as promising candidates for industrial oily wastewater treatment.</p>

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Fabrication and characterization of eco-friendly PAN/PLA ultrafiltration membranes modified with onion peel-derived nanoparticles for oily wastewater treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月20日

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  • Raad H. Khudher,
  • Ahmad A. Hasan,
  • Talib M. Albayati,
  • Sohrab Zendehboudi,
  • Noori M. Cata Saady

摘要

In this study, eco-friendly ultrafiltration (UF) membrane is developed using a blend of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polylactic acid (PLA) polymers. The UF membrane is modified with green additive nanoparticles (NPs) derived from onion peel waste (OPW), to enhance anti-fouling performance in oily wastewater treatment. The PAN/PLA/OPW membrane is prepared using a phase inversion technique and systematically investigated using FTIR, FE-SEM, AFM, EDX, along with contact angle measurement, porosity determination, mechanical strength testing, and surface roughness evaluation. The effects of varying OPW NP loadings (0.025–0.15 wt.%) on membrane properties and performance are examined. At a membrane loading of 0.1 wt.%, it exhibits a significant enhancement in performance, with an improvement in pure water flux to 931 L/m2.h from 524 L/m2.h for pristine PAN/PLA, driven by improved hydrophilicity (contact angle reduced from 66.8° to 34.6°), porosity (69% to 95%), and tensile strength (7.81 to 11.7 MPa). Under a feed at an oil concentration 50 ppm and a pressure 2 bar, the modified membrane achieves an oil rejection of 65.8%, which increases to 100% at 550 ppm, highlighting its strong performance at higher contaminant loads. The flux recovery ratio (FRR) reaches 95.8%, leading to enhanced anti-fouling properties. Surface roughness decreases, enhancing foulant resistance. After four operation-cleaning cycles, oil rejection efficiency remains stable with only a slight decline in flux. The modified membrane demonstrates reliable chemical and operational stability, showing its ability to operate continuously for 48 h without noticeable performance degradation, exhibiting its compatibility with water treatment environments containing complex chemical components. Utilizing low-cost agricultural waste as a source of NPs contributes to reducing the environmental footprint and promoting the concept of a circular economy within engineering solutions. The residual oil content in the effluent remains below 5 ppm, aligning with World Health Organization (WHO) environmental discharge standards. Overall, the PAN/PLA/OPW membranes demonstrate high separation efficiency, durability, and environmental sustainability, thus qualifying them as promising candidates for industrial oily wastewater treatment.