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<p>This study investigates the influence of GeO₂ (Ge) additions on the structural, optical, and radiation shielding properties of BaTiO₃ (BT) ceramics. Ceramic composites with BTGex (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt%) were synthesized using the solid-state reaction method. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis confirmed the tetragonal phase, with crystallite sizes ranging from 32.99&#xa0;nm to 36.37&#xa0;nm, as calculated via Scherrer’s equation. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the presence of metal-oxygen bonds, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) identified elemental compositions. Grain size in BT ceramics decreased from 0.69&#xa0;μm to 0.63&#xa0;μm with increasing Ge content, indicating that Ge⁴⁺ incorporation inhibits grain growth. Optical characterization demonstrated a decrease in transmittance and optical band gap (from 3.10 to 3.05&#xa0;eV) with increasing Ge content, alongside an increase in the absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, and refractive index. UV-Vis results also indicated a decrease in Urbach energy. The prepared samples’ linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was evaluated using a NaI(Tl) scintillator detector, and the obtained values were compared with theoretical values from the Phy-X/PSD software. The LAC increased from 68.520&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup> to 71.102&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup> as the Ge concentration increased. Moreover, the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) showed a similar trend, with the BTGe8 sample exhibiting the highest effective atomic number (Z<sub>eff</sub>) and lowest values for the half-value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP). The average tenth-value layer (TVL)<sub>avg</sub> increased as the incident photon energy increased from 356 to 1333&#xa0;keV. These findings highlight the potential of Ge-added BT ceramics for optical and radiation shielding applications. The above studies confirm that the BTGe8 sample is a better radiation shielding composite than others.</p>

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Role of addition of GeO2 in the enhancement of structural, optical and radiation shielding properties of BaTiO3 ceramics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月27日

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  • Ponnada Tejeswara Rao,
  • Nodagala Rama Kumar,
  • Ravuri Balaji Rao

摘要

This study investigates the influence of GeO₂ (Ge) additions on the structural, optical, and radiation shielding properties of BaTiO₃ (BT) ceramics. Ceramic composites with BTGex (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt%) were synthesized using the solid-state reaction method. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis confirmed the tetragonal phase, with crystallite sizes ranging from 32.99 nm to 36.37 nm, as calculated via Scherrer’s equation. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the presence of metal-oxygen bonds, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) identified elemental compositions. Grain size in BT ceramics decreased from 0.69 μm to 0.63 μm with increasing Ge content, indicating that Ge⁴⁺ incorporation inhibits grain growth. Optical characterization demonstrated a decrease in transmittance and optical band gap (from 3.10 to 3.05 eV) with increasing Ge content, alongside an increase in the absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, and refractive index. UV-Vis results also indicated a decrease in Urbach energy. The prepared samples’ linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was evaluated using a NaI(Tl) scintillator detector, and the obtained values were compared with theoretical values from the Phy-X/PSD software. The LAC increased from 68.520 cm−1 to 71.102 cm−1 as the Ge concentration increased. Moreover, the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) showed a similar trend, with the BTGe8 sample exhibiting the highest effective atomic number (Zeff) and lowest values for the half-value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP). The average tenth-value layer (TVL)avg increased as the incident photon energy increased from 356 to 1333 keV. These findings highlight the potential of Ge-added BT ceramics for optical and radiation shielding applications. The above studies confirm that the BTGe8 sample is a better radiation shielding composite than others.