Biomass-based hydrogen production towards renewable energy sources: an advance study

The conversion of biomass into biohydrogen is an intriguing area of research due to its potential as a sustainable energy source. Microorganisms can transform various biomass types—such as lignocellulosic materials, organic waste, sugars, and algae—into bio-hydrogen (H₂) through distinct metabolic pathways. This study evaluates the advantages and limitations of the three primary hydrogen production methods: bio-photolysis, bio-electrochemical processes, and fermentation. We discuss key microorganisms involved in biohydrogen production, such as methanotrophs, green algae, purple non-Sulphur bacteria (PNSB), cyanobacteria, and various microbial species. The study also looks at the different types of bioreactors and the factors that affect their choice. It focuses on important processes like pretreatment and substrate hydrolysis, which are needed to break down complex biomass into simpler compounds that bacteria can use to make bio-hydrogen. We explain how bacteria convert carbohydrates into hydrogen during the fermentation process. This article identifies several challenges, including the need to enhance gas recovery and separation methods, optimize fermentation conditions, and source affordable materials for bioreactor construction. We conclude with recommendations for further research and development to improve the viability and efficiency of microbial biomass conversion for biohydrogen production.