Potential pulse sequences for defect-controlled electrochemical graphene exfoliation

This study investigates the controlled fabrication of graphene flakes with tunable defect densities using customized potential pulse sequences in an electrochemical exfoliation process. We systematically compare the ability of various programmed pulse sequences with the conventional constant potential method, conducted in two distinct acidic media. The results demonstrate that the application of tailored potential pulses significantly reduces the defect density in the exfoliated graphene flakes, compared to those synthesized under constant potential. Comprehensive characterization—including flake dimensions, defect density, layer count, and electron transfer properties—confirms the superior quality of graphene produced using the programmed pulses. Notably, the defect-rich graphene flakes generated by the constant potential method exhibit enhanced electron transfer capabilities, indicating their potential utility in applications where high electron transfer rates are critical.