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<p>Regulating second-phase particle formation during the reheating process remains a technical problem for the effective utilization of vanadium (V) microalloying elements. An innovative pre-tempering process was employed prior to austenitizing to induce partial precipitation of V(C, N) particles within the matrix. This approach facilitated the controlled nucleation and distribution of V(C, N), thus maximizing their pinning effect, which significantly refined the austenite grains and enhanced the impact wear resistance of the steel. The results demonstrated that pre-tempering promoted the formation of nanoscale V(C, N) particles and markedly reduced the austenite grain size after reheating. As the pre-tempering temperature increased from 450 to 650&#xa0;°C, the number density, volume fraction, and average size of V(C, N) particles progressively increased. However, elevated pre-tempering temperatures may induce a decrease in dislocation density and V content remaining in solid solution, culminating in reduced nucleation rates and precipitation driving force during the subsequent austenitizing process. The combined effects of pre-precipitation and reheating-induced precipitation caused the overall pinning force of V(C, N) particles to first increase and then decrease with the rising pre-tempering temperature. At 550&#xa0;°C, the optimal balance between particle volume fraction and size yielded the maximum pinning force of approximately 2.84&#xa0;MPa, corresponding to the finest austenite grain size of 4.42&#xa0;μm. Owing to the synergistic effects of precipitation strengthening and grain refinement, the pre-tempered steels exhibited superior fracture toughness and significantly the improved impact wear resistance, achieving a 14.9% enhancement compared to the conventional treatment.</p>

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Role of pre-tempering process for precipitation control and wear resistance enhancement in medium manganese martensitic steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Ru-Yang Han,
  • Geng-Wei Yang,
  • E Meng,
  • Bang-Ren Xu,
  • Yao-Wen Xu,
  • De-Ming Xu

摘要

Regulating second-phase particle formation during the reheating process remains a technical problem for the effective utilization of vanadium (V) microalloying elements. An innovative pre-tempering process was employed prior to austenitizing to induce partial precipitation of V(C, N) particles within the matrix. This approach facilitated the controlled nucleation and distribution of V(C, N), thus maximizing their pinning effect, which significantly refined the austenite grains and enhanced the impact wear resistance of the steel. The results demonstrated that pre-tempering promoted the formation of nanoscale V(C, N) particles and markedly reduced the austenite grain size after reheating. As the pre-tempering temperature increased from 450 to 650 °C, the number density, volume fraction, and average size of V(C, N) particles progressively increased. However, elevated pre-tempering temperatures may induce a decrease in dislocation density and V content remaining in solid solution, culminating in reduced nucleation rates and precipitation driving force during the subsequent austenitizing process. The combined effects of pre-precipitation and reheating-induced precipitation caused the overall pinning force of V(C, N) particles to first increase and then decrease with the rising pre-tempering temperature. At 550 °C, the optimal balance between particle volume fraction and size yielded the maximum pinning force of approximately 2.84 MPa, corresponding to the finest austenite grain size of 4.42 μm. Owing to the synergistic effects of precipitation strengthening and grain refinement, the pre-tempered steels exhibited superior fracture toughness and significantly the improved impact wear resistance, achieving a 14.9% enhancement compared to the conventional treatment.