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<p>Rare earth elements are widely used in steel production due to their unique metallurgical properties, which can modify inclusions, improve the cleanliness of molten steel, and optimize steel properties. However, high activity also makes rare earth elements prone to intense chemical reactions with refractories during the smelting process, which can not only accelerate the erosion and failure of refractories, but also reduce the cleanliness of molten steel owing to the formation of secondary inclusions. Therefore, it is essential to understand the interaction mechanisms between rare earth steels and refractories. Herein, the research progress on the interactions between rare earth steels and refractories is systematically reviewed. Based on both laboratory studies and industrial applications, emphasis is placed on the reaction mechanisms and their effects on the stability of refractories and the cleanliness of molten steel. At the same time, the prevention methods are summarized, including the refractory optimization, protective coatings for nozzles, argon blowing, and the application of external&#xa0;electric fields. Furthermore, the applicability and limitations of these methods are analyzed. Finally, future research directions are discussed to address the limitations of current studies, focusing on the development of novel refractories, non-contact control methods, and digitally intelligent process control.</p>

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Research progress and prospects of interaction mechanisms between rare earth steel and refractories

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月9日

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  • Peng-Zhao Zhang,
  • Yu-E Chen,
  • Qing-Lin Shan,
  • Bo Ren,
  • Chun-Yu Guo,
  • Yu Liu,
  • En-Hui Wang,
  • Xin-Mei Hou

摘要

Rare earth elements are widely used in steel production due to their unique metallurgical properties, which can modify inclusions, improve the cleanliness of molten steel, and optimize steel properties. However, high activity also makes rare earth elements prone to intense chemical reactions with refractories during the smelting process, which can not only accelerate the erosion and failure of refractories, but also reduce the cleanliness of molten steel owing to the formation of secondary inclusions. Therefore, it is essential to understand the interaction mechanisms between rare earth steels and refractories. Herein, the research progress on the interactions between rare earth steels and refractories is systematically reviewed. Based on both laboratory studies and industrial applications, emphasis is placed on the reaction mechanisms and their effects on the stability of refractories and the cleanliness of molten steel. At the same time, the prevention methods are summarized, including the refractory optimization, protective coatings for nozzles, argon blowing, and the application of external electric fields. Furthermore, the applicability and limitations of these methods are analyzed. Finally, future research directions are discussed to address the limitations of current studies, focusing on the development of novel refractories, non-contact control methods, and digitally intelligent process control.