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<p>To fulfill diverse performance requirements in various industrial fields, it is essential to precisely control the inclusion characteristics in 316L stainless steel (316L SS), including chemical composition, size, and quantity and so on, thus ensuring the steel with high cleanliness and quality. Solidification experiments with different cooling methods were conducted using an Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–CaO–SiO<sub>2</sub>–MgO refining slag system to investigate the influence of cooling methods upon the characteristic variation and growth behavior of inclusions in 316L SS during the solidification process. Thermodynamic mechanisms underlying the inclusion composition transition during the solidification process were revealed, and a kinetic model for the prediction of the solute element segregation and the inclusion growth in the steel was developed and verified. Results indicated that a nonlinear fitting curve equation for the correlation between the average size of inclusions&#xa0;<i>d</i> and the cooling rate&#xa0;<i>R</i><sub>c</sub> was obtained, which was: <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d = 3.728\, \cdot \,R_{{\text{c}}}^{ - 0.134}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3.728</mn> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mo>·</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <msubsup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow> <mtext>c</mtext> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>0.134</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. As the cooling rate went down, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content in the inclusions correspondingly decreased from 69.43 to 30.54 mass%, while the SiO<sub>2</sub> content increased from 14.75 to 43.8 mass%. The final inclusion size, calculated by the kinetic inclusion growth model, increased from 2.37 to 9.65 μm as the cooling rate was reduced from 56.7 to 0.7 K s<sup>−1</sup>, which were in fair agreement with experimental results.</p>

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Characteristic variation and growth mechanism of inclusions in 316L stainless steel during solidification

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月22日

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  • Cheng-Song Liu,
  • Long-Feng Xu,
  • Jing Zeng,
  • Xiu-Guo Ran,
  • Yong Wang,
  • Hua Zhang,
  • Jie Li,
  • Hong-Wei Ni

摘要

To fulfill diverse performance requirements in various industrial fields, it is essential to precisely control the inclusion characteristics in 316L stainless steel (316L SS), including chemical composition, size, and quantity and so on, thus ensuring the steel with high cleanliness and quality. Solidification experiments with different cooling methods were conducted using an Al2O3–CaO–SiO2–MgO refining slag system to investigate the influence of cooling methods upon the characteristic variation and growth behavior of inclusions in 316L SS during the solidification process. Thermodynamic mechanisms underlying the inclusion composition transition during the solidification process were revealed, and a kinetic model for the prediction of the solute element segregation and the inclusion growth in the steel was developed and verified. Results indicated that a nonlinear fitting curve equation for the correlation between the average size of inclusions d and the cooling rate Rc was obtained, which was: \(d = 3.728\, \cdot \,R_{{\text{c}}}^{ - 0.134}\) d = 3.728 · R c - 0.134 . As the cooling rate went down, Al2O3 content in the inclusions correspondingly decreased from 69.43 to 30.54 mass%, while the SiO2 content increased from 14.75 to 43.8 mass%. The final inclusion size, calculated by the kinetic inclusion growth model, increased from 2.37 to 9.65 μm as the cooling rate was reduced from 56.7 to 0.7 K s−1, which were in fair agreement with experimental results.