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<p>Rare earth occurrence states in high-strength wheel steel were investigated using an enhanced anhydrous electrolysis method combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), supplemented by spherical aberrartion-corrected high-resolution&#xa0;transmission electron microscopy (Cs-corrected HR-TEM) and scanning electron microscopy characterizations alongside thermodynamic simulation. The optimized methodology achieved precise separation and quantitative detection of solid-solution and compound Ce, with total deviation below 5% compared to ICP-MS results from steel shavings, while also revealing the three-dimensional morphology of inclusions. Solid-solution Ce content increased from below 0.0005 to 0.0072 wt.% with rising Ce addition. HR-TEM observations indicated that Ce atomic nanoclusters tend to segregate at grain boundaries, potentially influencing microstructure and fatigue performance. Ce addition promoted inclusion refinement and spheroidization, reducing stress concentration and inhibiting fatigue crack initiation. At 0.0340 wt.% Ce, dissolved [Ce] reacted with As and P at grain boundaries during solidification, forming large Ce–S–As and Ce–S–As–P inclusions. With increasing rare earth content, the evolution pathway of rare earth occurrence states follows: rare earth oxides and sulfides → rare earth oxides and sulfides + solid-solution rare earth → rare earth oxides and sulfides + solid-solution rare earth + Ce–S–As and Ce–S–As–P inclusions.</p>

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Characterization and analysis of rare earth occurrence states in high-strength wheel steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月11日

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  • Zi-Bo Lin,
  • Bo Zhang,
  • Cheng-Jun Liu,
  • Jun Miao,
  • Hong-Liang Liu

摘要

Rare earth occurrence states in high-strength wheel steel were investigated using an enhanced anhydrous electrolysis method combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), supplemented by spherical aberrartion-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (Cs-corrected HR-TEM) and scanning electron microscopy characterizations alongside thermodynamic simulation. The optimized methodology achieved precise separation and quantitative detection of solid-solution and compound Ce, with total deviation below 5% compared to ICP-MS results from steel shavings, while also revealing the three-dimensional morphology of inclusions. Solid-solution Ce content increased from below 0.0005 to 0.0072 wt.% with rising Ce addition. HR-TEM observations indicated that Ce atomic nanoclusters tend to segregate at grain boundaries, potentially influencing microstructure and fatigue performance. Ce addition promoted inclusion refinement and spheroidization, reducing stress concentration and inhibiting fatigue crack initiation. At 0.0340 wt.% Ce, dissolved [Ce] reacted with As and P at grain boundaries during solidification, forming large Ce–S–As and Ce–S–As–P inclusions. With increasing rare earth content, the evolution pathway of rare earth occurrence states follows: rare earth oxides and sulfides → rare earth oxides and sulfides + solid-solution rare earth → rare earth oxides and sulfides + solid-solution rare earth + Ce–S–As and Ce–S–As–P inclusions.