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<p>A 3D mathematical model was established to investigate the gas–liquid two-phase flow in Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH) vacuum refining process. The flow characteristics of molten steel were calculated using the coupled standard <i>k</i>–<i>ε</i> model and volume of fluid model. The bubble distribution was tracked by discrete phase model. Electromagnetic field was applied in the up-leg snorkel to enhance the effect of vacuum refining. The effect of swirling flow nozzles combined with electromagnetic stirring (EMS) on the flow characteristics of molten steel and bubble distribution was analyzed. The erosion of the up-leg snorkel was compared. The results show that when the swirling flow nozzles are used, the bubbles exhibit a distinct adherent rising behavior, and the refining efficiency decreases. In addition, the electromagnetic field can significantly improve the refining efficiency, but it brings stronger erosion to the up-leg snorkel. Nevertheless, when using the swirling flow nozzles combined with EMS, the refining performance is further optimized, and the erosion of the up-leg snorkel is also reduced due to its characteristic of bubble distribution. Compared to conventional nozzles, the mixing time was shortened by 16.2%, the recirculation rate increased by 12.5%. and the swirling intensity was strengthened by 8.9%.</p>

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RH refining behavior affected by swirling flow nozzles combined with electromagnetic stirring

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月2日

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  • Feng-Sheng Qi,
  • De-Qiang Li,
  • Liang-Yu Zhang,
  • Zhong-Qiu Liu,
  • Sherman-C.-P. Cheung,
  • Bao-Kuan Li

摘要

A 3D mathematical model was established to investigate the gas–liquid two-phase flow in Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH) vacuum refining process. The flow characteristics of molten steel were calculated using the coupled standard k–ε model and volume of fluid model. The bubble distribution was tracked by discrete phase model. Electromagnetic field was applied in the up-leg snorkel to enhance the effect of vacuum refining. The effect of swirling flow nozzles combined with electromagnetic stirring (EMS) on the flow characteristics of molten steel and bubble distribution was analyzed. The erosion of the up-leg snorkel was compared. The results show that when the swirling flow nozzles are used, the bubbles exhibit a distinct adherent rising behavior, and the refining efficiency decreases. In addition, the electromagnetic field can significantly improve the refining efficiency, but it brings stronger erosion to the up-leg snorkel. Nevertheless, when using the swirling flow nozzles combined with EMS, the refining performance is further optimized, and the erosion of the up-leg snorkel is also reduced due to its characteristic of bubble distribution. Compared to conventional nozzles, the mixing time was shortened by 16.2%, the recirculation rate increased by 12.5%. and the swirling intensity was strengthened by 8.9%.