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<p>Fusarium root rot (FRR), caused by <i>Fusarium solani</i> f. sp. <i>phaseoli</i> (Fsp), remains a significant challenge for common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) production worldwide. Although the disease is widespread, the molecular mechanisms of resistance in this crop have largely remained unexplored. Here, we present the first multi-timepoint analysis of coordinated expression of resistance gene analogs (RGAs) and defense-related genes in resistant (Ks21551) and susceptible (Ks21562) bean genotypes after Fsp infection. Gene expression was assessed in root tissues at several time intervals after infection using reverse transcription quantitative Real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The resistant genotype showed a clear advantage: several genes were activated more rapidly and at higher levels. <i>RGA2</i> and <i>cD7</i>, in particular, displayed strong early upregulation, suggesting involvement in pathogen recognition and the initiation of defense. By contrast, <i>RGA5</i> reached its peak much later, hinting at a role in prolonged defense. The resistant genotype also had much higher and earlier expression of important defense-related genes such as <i>PR1</i>, <i>PR2</i>, <i>PR3</i>, <i>PR9</i>, <i>PAL</i>, and <i>NPR1</i> than the susceptible genotype. Our results highlight that both the timing and vigor of such transcriptional responses are crucial for successful resistance. In addition to elucidating the molecular events responsible for FRR resistance, <i>RGA2</i> and <i>cD7</i> are proposed as promising candidates for function validation and marker-assisted selection. These findings offer molecular insights that may guide the development of bean cultivars with durable, broad-spectrum FRR resistance.</p>

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The expression of resistance gene analogs and defense-related genes in resistant and susceptible common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes after infection with Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Neda Zand,
  • Hossein Jafary,
  • Roghayeh Hemmati,
  • Diako Rasouli

摘要

Fusarium root rot (FRR), caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli (Fsp), remains a significant challenge for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production worldwide. Although the disease is widespread, the molecular mechanisms of resistance in this crop have largely remained unexplored. Here, we present the first multi-timepoint analysis of coordinated expression of resistance gene analogs (RGAs) and defense-related genes in resistant (Ks21551) and susceptible (Ks21562) bean genotypes after Fsp infection. Gene expression was assessed in root tissues at several time intervals after infection using reverse transcription quantitative Real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The resistant genotype showed a clear advantage: several genes were activated more rapidly and at higher levels. RGA2 and cD7, in particular, displayed strong early upregulation, suggesting involvement in pathogen recognition and the initiation of defense. By contrast, RGA5 reached its peak much later, hinting at a role in prolonged defense. The resistant genotype also had much higher and earlier expression of important defense-related genes such as PR1, PR2, PR3, PR9, PAL, and NPR1 than the susceptible genotype. Our results highlight that both the timing and vigor of such transcriptional responses are crucial for successful resistance. In addition to elucidating the molecular events responsible for FRR resistance, RGA2 and cD7 are proposed as promising candidates for function validation and marker-assisted selection. These findings offer molecular insights that may guide the development of bean cultivars with durable, broad-spectrum FRR resistance.