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<p>Fungal trunk diseases significantly threaten pistachio (<i>Pistacia vera</i> L.) cultivation, severely impacting orchard longevity and yield, particularly in Iran, a global leader in pistachio production. This study, conducted from 2021 to 2023, investigated the fungal pathogens associated with trunk diseases in young pistachio trees across five commercial orchards located in four major regions (Kermanshah, Mahidasht, Sarab-e Nilufar, and Gilan-e Gharb) in Kermanshah Province, western Iran. Fungal isolates, obtained from symptomatic tissues of 50 trees, were identified through a polyphasic approach integrating morphological characterization, multi-locus sequencing (ITS, β-tubulin, TEF-1α), and pathogenicity assays on both detached shoots and seedlings under greenhouse conditions. Six species were identified, with <i>Neoscytalidium dimidiatum</i> being the most frequently isolated, followed by <i>Neopestalotiopsis mesopotamica</i>. Other species included <i>Fusarium redolens</i>, <i>Didymella macrostoma</i>, <i>Gilmaniella subornata</i>, and <i>Curvularia tsudae</i>. Pathogenicity assays confirmed <i>N. dimidiatum</i> and <i>N. mesopotamica</i> as the most aggressive pathogens. <i>N. dimidiatum</i> caused the largest lesions on detached shoots, while <i>N. mesopotamica</i> proved most virulent, inducing the most extensive cankers on live seedlings. <i>F. redolens</i> and <i>D. macrostoma</i> showed lower virulence, whereas <i>G. subornata</i> and <i>C. tsudae</i> were non-pathogenic, suggesting a potential endophytic lifestyle. Phylogenetic analyses provided the first reports of <i>N. mesopotamica</i>, <i>F. redolens</i>, and <i>D. macrostoma</i> as trunk disease pathogens of pistachio. The frequent co-isolation of the highly aggressive <i>N. dimidiatum</i> and <i>N. mesopotamica</i> points to a potential pathogen complex, which may exacerbate disease severity. These results are critical for informing sustainable pistachio production in Iran and other regions facing similar threats.</p>

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Identification of fungal pathogens causing trunk diseases in young pistachio (Pistacia vera) trees in Iran

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Amir Amirivafa,
  • Samad Jamali

摘要

Fungal trunk diseases significantly threaten pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivation, severely impacting orchard longevity and yield, particularly in Iran, a global leader in pistachio production. This study, conducted from 2021 to 2023, investigated the fungal pathogens associated with trunk diseases in young pistachio trees across five commercial orchards located in four major regions (Kermanshah, Mahidasht, Sarab-e Nilufar, and Gilan-e Gharb) in Kermanshah Province, western Iran. Fungal isolates, obtained from symptomatic tissues of 50 trees, were identified through a polyphasic approach integrating morphological characterization, multi-locus sequencing (ITS, β-tubulin, TEF-1α), and pathogenicity assays on both detached shoots and seedlings under greenhouse conditions. Six species were identified, with Neoscytalidium dimidiatum being the most frequently isolated, followed by Neopestalotiopsis mesopotamica. Other species included Fusarium redolens, Didymella macrostoma, Gilmaniella subornata, and Curvularia tsudae. Pathogenicity assays confirmed N. dimidiatum and N. mesopotamica as the most aggressive pathogens. N. dimidiatum caused the largest lesions on detached shoots, while N. mesopotamica proved most virulent, inducing the most extensive cankers on live seedlings. F. redolens and D. macrostoma showed lower virulence, whereas G. subornata and C. tsudae were non-pathogenic, suggesting a potential endophytic lifestyle. Phylogenetic analyses provided the first reports of N. mesopotamica, F. redolens, and D. macrostoma as trunk disease pathogens of pistachio. The frequent co-isolation of the highly aggressive N. dimidiatum and N. mesopotamica points to a potential pathogen complex, which may exacerbate disease severity. These results are critical for informing sustainable pistachio production in Iran and other regions facing similar threats.