The impact of eco-friendly nanoparticles on the management of phytopathogenic fungi: a comprehensive review

Virulent fungal infections have a detrimental impact on plants and result in economic losses. There are two methods used to control fungal infections. The first method involves using chemical fungicides to treat fungal diseases. However, this approach is not environmentally friendly as it has negative effects on the environment and human health. The second method involves using bionanotechnology, which offers effective and eco-friendly alternatives for managing fungal infections in agriculture. Plant-based nanotechnology is an advanced method that unquestionably leads to a new era in agriculture technology for addressing phytopathogens. Recent research have demonstrated that green nanoparticles derived from plant extracts or microorganisms possess greater antifungal properties compared to conventional fungicides. In addition to improving plant health, nanoparticles assist agriculture in meeting the increasing need for high crop yields. This review focuses on the negative impacts of chemical fungicides and investigates alternate methods for managing fungal diseases through the use of environmentally friendly nanoparticles and their mechanisms. Furthermore, an assessment was conducted on the safety and toxicity of nanomaterials in plants.