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<p>Demand for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in China’s automotive industry has soared, leading to a rise in the number of automakers crafting PHEVs with various ranges to cater to the expanding market needs. A critical question for both manufacturers and consumers is how to select the ideal all-electric range (AER) of PHEVs. Previous studies have focused on the total cost of ownership (TCO) of PHEVs compared to other powertrains without optimizing their AER. Therefore, this paper innovatively constructs a technically rich TCO model for PHEVs that includes vehicle technical attributes, considers battery degradation, and integrates consumer travel characteristics. This model enables the design of the AER of PHEVs and provides an in-depth analysis of its influencing factors. The results reveal that the key factors influencing the TCO of PHEVs are annual travel mileage, battery cycle life, and battery unit cost, while battery energy density, fuel price, and electricity price play a minor role. Under current vehicle parameters, battery parameters, economic parameters, and driving characteristics, the ideal AER for PHEVs is 50&#xa0;km. A sensitivity analysis of the key factors shows that if the values of the key factors fluctuate by 20%, neither battery energy density, battery unit cost, fuel price, nor electricity price will change the optimal range for PHEVs. However, further reductions in battery unit costs may increase the ideal range. Battery cycle life and annual travel mileage can change the ideal range of PHEVs, with an increase in battery cycle life or a decrease in annual travel mileage, changing the ideal AER to 75&#xa0;km. Battery cycle life is the most significant factor affecting the ideal AER of PHEVs. If battery technology advances to the point where the cycle life covers the lifetime of the PHEV, then the ideal range based on TCO would be 50&#xa0;km. In the future, automotive manufacturers will need to prioritize the improvement of battery cycle life in PHEVs. By doing so, they can reduce the TCO without developing PHEVs with longer ranges.</p>

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Exploring the Ideal All-Electric Range of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and its Key Influencing Factors from the Perspective of Total Cost of Ownership in China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月26日

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  • Xinglong Liu,
  • Fuquan Zhao,
  • Fupeng Lin,
  • Haoyi Zhang,
  • Zongwei Liu,
  • Han Hao

摘要

Demand for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in China’s automotive industry has soared, leading to a rise in the number of automakers crafting PHEVs with various ranges to cater to the expanding market needs. A critical question for both manufacturers and consumers is how to select the ideal all-electric range (AER) of PHEVs. Previous studies have focused on the total cost of ownership (TCO) of PHEVs compared to other powertrains without optimizing their AER. Therefore, this paper innovatively constructs a technically rich TCO model for PHEVs that includes vehicle technical attributes, considers battery degradation, and integrates consumer travel characteristics. This model enables the design of the AER of PHEVs and provides an in-depth analysis of its influencing factors. The results reveal that the key factors influencing the TCO of PHEVs are annual travel mileage, battery cycle life, and battery unit cost, while battery energy density, fuel price, and electricity price play a minor role. Under current vehicle parameters, battery parameters, economic parameters, and driving characteristics, the ideal AER for PHEVs is 50 km. A sensitivity analysis of the key factors shows that if the values of the key factors fluctuate by 20%, neither battery energy density, battery unit cost, fuel price, nor electricity price will change the optimal range for PHEVs. However, further reductions in battery unit costs may increase the ideal range. Battery cycle life and annual travel mileage can change the ideal range of PHEVs, with an increase in battery cycle life or a decrease in annual travel mileage, changing the ideal AER to 75 km. Battery cycle life is the most significant factor affecting the ideal AER of PHEVs. If battery technology advances to the point where the cycle life covers the lifetime of the PHEV, then the ideal range based on TCO would be 50 km. In the future, automotive manufacturers will need to prioritize the improvement of battery cycle life in PHEVs. By doing so, they can reduce the TCO without developing PHEVs with longer ranges.