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<p>The development of scalable and efficient photoelectrodes for the treatment of chromophore-contaminated industrial wastewater remains challenging due to limitations in charge separation and performance in complex effluents. Herein, ZnO/Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene (ZnO–MX) hybrid photoelectrodes were fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates via a single-step aqueous electrodeposition technique and evaluated in electrodeposition-assisted photoelectrocatalysis (ED–PEC) under visible-light irradiation. An optimal MXene loading of 1.0 wt% significantly enhanced interfacial charge transport, reducing charge-transfer resistance by ~ 60% and increasing photocurrent density by ~ 35% relative to ZnO. The optimized electrode achieved removal efficiencies of 99.2% for methylene blue and 92.1% for Congo red at low concentrations in model solutions and maintained 92.6% and 85.8% removal, respectively, in industrial textile wastewater containing multiple chromophores and high organic load. The system also removed ~ 70% or more of additional constituents and retained ~ 80% of its activity after six reuse cycles. Furthermore, an interpretable multi-output neural network was developed to quantify the effects of initial concentration and irradiation time on removal performance. This work enables a practical, scalable hybrid electrode platform for advanced industrial wastewater treatment.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Single-step electrodeposited ZnO/MXene hybrid photoelectrodes for visible-light-driven photoelectrocatalytic treatment of industrial wastewater

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Oussama Lalaoui,
  • Abderrahmane Berchi,
  • Nour E. H. Hammoudi,
  • Yasmina K. Alseksek,
  • Ahmad S. Darwish,
  • Tarek Lemaoui,
  • Faisal Shahzad,
  • Fawzi Banat,
  • Inas M. Al Nashef

摘要

The development of scalable and efficient photoelectrodes for the treatment of chromophore-contaminated industrial wastewater remains challenging due to limitations in charge separation and performance in complex effluents. Herein, ZnO/Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene (ZnO–MX) hybrid photoelectrodes were fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates via a single-step aqueous electrodeposition technique and evaluated in electrodeposition-assisted photoelectrocatalysis (ED–PEC) under visible-light irradiation. An optimal MXene loading of 1.0 wt% significantly enhanced interfacial charge transport, reducing charge-transfer resistance by ~ 60% and increasing photocurrent density by ~ 35% relative to ZnO. The optimized electrode achieved removal efficiencies of 99.2% for methylene blue and 92.1% for Congo red at low concentrations in model solutions and maintained 92.6% and 85.8% removal, respectively, in industrial textile wastewater containing multiple chromophores and high organic load. The system also removed ~ 70% or more of additional constituents and retained ~ 80% of its activity after six reuse cycles. Furthermore, an interpretable multi-output neural network was developed to quantify the effects of initial concentration and irradiation time on removal performance. This work enables a practical, scalable hybrid electrode platform for advanced industrial wastewater treatment.

Graphical abstract