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<p>The growing demand for climate-resilient and functionally reliable buildings requires envelope materials to integrate thermal regulation, mechanical integrity, fire safety, environmental stability, and electromagnetic protection within lightweight porous structures. Herein, we report a competitive crystallization-orchestrated assembly strategy to fabricate gypsum cryogels (GC), defined as freeze-dried, gel-derived porous gypsum–polymer composites, via ice-templated confinement within a reversibly breakable/reassemblable polyacrylamide/carbon nanotube hydrogel. The proposed hydrogel-mediated processing effectively suppresses gravitational sedimentation and phase separation, while enabling controlled competition between gypsum crystallization and ice-templating. The resulting hierarchical architectures, tunable from macro- to nanoscale porosity, allow precise composition-dependent regulation of density and multifunctionality. The low-gypsum GC@1 achieves a low density of 70&#xa0;kg·m⁻³ and an EMI shielding effectiveness of 38 dB. Conversely, the high-gypsum GC@25 with a density of 532&#xa0;kg·m<sup>− 3</sup> delivers a structural–insulation profile, exhibiting a compressive strength of 4.52&#xa0;MPa (a 7433% increase over the gypsum-free matrix), a limiting oxygen index exceeding 90%, and robust hydrophobicity (water contact angle: 151.3°). Crucially, EMI shielding is retained across the series, with absorption dominating the attenuation mechanism even at high gypsum loadings. These results demonstrate that the GC series provides a tunable, composition-dependent platform for balancing insulation, mechanical strength, fire resistance, hydrophobicity, and EMI shielding in lightweight gypsum-based porous composites for advanced building-envelope applications.</p>

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Competitive crystallization‑orchestrated gypsum cryogels for next‑generation building envelopes

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月1日

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  • Haibin Yang,
  • Yihang Ye,
  • Jiayu Chen,
  • Hongzhi Cui

摘要

The growing demand for climate-resilient and functionally reliable buildings requires envelope materials to integrate thermal regulation, mechanical integrity, fire safety, environmental stability, and electromagnetic protection within lightweight porous structures. Herein, we report a competitive crystallization-orchestrated assembly strategy to fabricate gypsum cryogels (GC), defined as freeze-dried, gel-derived porous gypsum–polymer composites, via ice-templated confinement within a reversibly breakable/reassemblable polyacrylamide/carbon nanotube hydrogel. The proposed hydrogel-mediated processing effectively suppresses gravitational sedimentation and phase separation, while enabling controlled competition between gypsum crystallization and ice-templating. The resulting hierarchical architectures, tunable from macro- to nanoscale porosity, allow precise composition-dependent regulation of density and multifunctionality. The low-gypsum GC@1 achieves a low density of 70 kg·m⁻³ and an EMI shielding effectiveness of 38 dB. Conversely, the high-gypsum GC@25 with a density of 532 kg·m− 3 delivers a structural–insulation profile, exhibiting a compressive strength of 4.52 MPa (a 7433% increase over the gypsum-free matrix), a limiting oxygen index exceeding 90%, and robust hydrophobicity (water contact angle: 151.3°). Crucially, EMI shielding is retained across the series, with absorption dominating the attenuation mechanism even at high gypsum loadings. These results demonstrate that the GC series provides a tunable, composition-dependent platform for balancing insulation, mechanical strength, fire resistance, hydrophobicity, and EMI shielding in lightweight gypsum-based porous composites for advanced building-envelope applications.