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<p>Skin-conformal human–machine interfaces that operate reliably under mechanical deformation and harsh environments are essential for next-generation wearable electronics, defense systems, and Internet of Things (IoT) platforms. Here, a resilient and stretchable flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator (RS‑FPENG) is reported that seamlessly integrates self-powered sensing and energy harvesting within a dual-hydrogel architecture. The device combines a highly conductive, self-healing ElectraGel electrode with a bio-derived BioWeave‑LS@BaTiO<sub>3</sub> piezoelectric core featuring a dynamically reversible multibond network, enabling exceptional mechanical compliance, environmental tolerance, and interfacial stability. The RS‑FPENG delivers a peak output voltage of ~1.15&#xa0;V, representing a ~ 4.6-fold improvement over conventional PDMS-based FPENGs, with a maximum power density of 8.48 µW m⁻<sup>2</sup>, fast response (~120 ms), high linearity (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9738), and a sensitivity of 4.15 × 10⁻<sup>3</sup> V g⁻<sup>1</sup> across an ultrawide force range (0.01–883&#xa0;N). Stable electromechanical performance is retained under broad humidity, temperature, and chemical conditions. Beyond energy harvesting, the RS‑FPENG enables self-powered detection of complex biomechanical motions and supports multilingual handwriting recognition and Morse code communication with real-time decoding. This work establishes a robust materials platform for environmentally resilient, battery-free wearable interfaces and intelligent assistive IoT systems.</p>

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Self-powered self-healing piezoelectric hydrogel nanogenerator-based electronic skin for real-time handwriting recognition and Morse code communication

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Ragu Sasikumar,
  • Palraj Ranganathan,
  • Bhuvanenthiran Mutharani,
  • Fang-Chyou Chiu,
  • Byungki Kim

摘要

Skin-conformal human–machine interfaces that operate reliably under mechanical deformation and harsh environments are essential for next-generation wearable electronics, defense systems, and Internet of Things (IoT) platforms. Here, a resilient and stretchable flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator (RS‑FPENG) is reported that seamlessly integrates self-powered sensing and energy harvesting within a dual-hydrogel architecture. The device combines a highly conductive, self-healing ElectraGel electrode with a bio-derived BioWeave‑LS@BaTiO3 piezoelectric core featuring a dynamically reversible multibond network, enabling exceptional mechanical compliance, environmental tolerance, and interfacial stability. The RS‑FPENG delivers a peak output voltage of ~1.15 V, representing a ~ 4.6-fold improvement over conventional PDMS-based FPENGs, with a maximum power density of 8.48 µW m⁻2, fast response (~120 ms), high linearity (R2 = 0.9738), and a sensitivity of 4.15 × 10⁻3 V g⁻1 across an ultrawide force range (0.01–883 N). Stable electromechanical performance is retained under broad humidity, temperature, and chemical conditions. Beyond energy harvesting, the RS‑FPENG enables self-powered detection of complex biomechanical motions and supports multilingual handwriting recognition and Morse code communication with real-time decoding. This work establishes a robust materials platform for environmentally resilient, battery-free wearable interfaces and intelligent assistive IoT systems.