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<p>With a rapid growth in the aerospace sector, nanomaterials offer numerous advantages when used as modifier materials in nanocomposites with diverse applications. In this study, two systems of epoxy resin-graphene-based composites were synthesized with the separate incorporation of the up-conversion luminescent materials (UCNPs) ZrO₂:Yb, Er and NaYF₄:Yb, Er. The main objective was to study the mechanical behaviour of these two systems using computational modelling, determining Young’s and flexural modulus, and predicting the trajectory of potential cracks which provides foundations for the shape/scale effects of fillers, and a basis of the ongoing crack path and photoluminescent (PL) crack composite studies. Tensile and bending tests were conducted in accordance with ISO standards to ensure reliability and consistency. Young’s modulus was analysed through an analytical model and compared with a computational model using the representative volume element (RVE) with the finite element method (FEM) and the phase field (PF) model to explore the reinforcement enhancement mechanisms at the nanoscale. Additionally, graphene effectively reduces photoluminescence and establishes further enhancement on mechanical performance. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were evaluated through uniaxial tensile and 3-point bending tests, revealing an increase of 10.32% observed for ZrO<sub>2</sub>-G; however, for NaYF<sub>4</sub>-G, it reaches a maximum of 9.03% up to a graphene concentration at 0.4 v/v%, and then it decreases to 11.25% at a graphene concentration of 1.0 v/v%. This contrasts with the results from computational/analytical models, which show a progressive increase. The agglomeration, distribution, and size of the fillers were analyzed to determine the reason for the mechanical values of the nanocomposites. This study presents a strong basis for the potential application of these epoxy nanocomposites as primer coatings on aluminum alloys, enhancing their strength and durability in multidisciplinary applications. Future studies aim to couple the photoluminescence of UCNPs with the results of this work and experimental fracture analysis.</p>

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Experimental, analytical and RVE/FEM/PF computational determination of mechanical properties for epoxy nanocomposites with UCNPs and graphene

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月4日

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  • Jevet E. D. López-Campos,
  • Gerardo A. Fonseca-Hernández,
  • Concepción Arenas-Arrocena,
  • Genoveva Hernández-Padrón,
  • Jose Reinoso

摘要

With a rapid growth in the aerospace sector, nanomaterials offer numerous advantages when used as modifier materials in nanocomposites with diverse applications. In this study, two systems of epoxy resin-graphene-based composites were synthesized with the separate incorporation of the up-conversion luminescent materials (UCNPs) ZrO₂:Yb, Er and NaYF₄:Yb, Er. The main objective was to study the mechanical behaviour of these two systems using computational modelling, determining Young’s and flexural modulus, and predicting the trajectory of potential cracks which provides foundations for the shape/scale effects of fillers, and a basis of the ongoing crack path and photoluminescent (PL) crack composite studies. Tensile and bending tests were conducted in accordance with ISO standards to ensure reliability and consistency. Young’s modulus was analysed through an analytical model and compared with a computational model using the representative volume element (RVE) with the finite element method (FEM) and the phase field (PF) model to explore the reinforcement enhancement mechanisms at the nanoscale. Additionally, graphene effectively reduces photoluminescence and establishes further enhancement on mechanical performance. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were evaluated through uniaxial tensile and 3-point bending tests, revealing an increase of 10.32% observed for ZrO2-G; however, for NaYF4-G, it reaches a maximum of 9.03% up to a graphene concentration at 0.4 v/v%, and then it decreases to 11.25% at a graphene concentration of 1.0 v/v%. This contrasts with the results from computational/analytical models, which show a progressive increase. The agglomeration, distribution, and size of the fillers were analyzed to determine the reason for the mechanical values of the nanocomposites. This study presents a strong basis for the potential application of these epoxy nanocomposites as primer coatings on aluminum alloys, enhancing their strength and durability in multidisciplinary applications. Future studies aim to couple the photoluminescence of UCNPs with the results of this work and experimental fracture analysis.