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<p>The mechanical response of traditional stainless steel (SS) made triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures is constrained by a strength (Cr-rich SS)-ductility (316L SS) dilemma, coupled with potential vulnerabilities to shear failure and inhomogeneous deformation. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces a compositionally graded composite design strategy for Primitive (P) and Gyroid (G) type TPMS structures with a low relative density of ~ 8%. This novel structure is designed to feature a transition in Cr content, ranging from a Cr-rich unit cell layer (30 wt% Cr), through two transition layers (25.5 wt% and 21 wt% Cr), to a standard 316L SS unit cell layer. Experimental and simulated results show that this gradient structure exhibits sequential, layer-by-layer deformation, starting in the 316L SS unit cell layer and progressively propagating to adjacent unit cells with higher Cr content, with deformation in each preceding layer complete before the next layer is deformed. The distinct deformation mechanism significantly delays densification of the P-type structure, and the Cr-addition-induced enhancement of the inherent high strength ensures a desirable overall load-bearing capacity. The developed compositionally graded design structures exhibit an evenly matched energy-absorption capacity compared to pure 30Cr SS TPMS structures, with a predictable, tunable deformation mode. Also, the addition of Cr content enhances the corrosion resistance of the developed TPMS structures compared to 316L SS structures. Overall, the developed Cr-graded strategy offers a valuable guide for designing metamaterials in various applications that require multifunctional performance and controllable deformation behavior.</p>

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Chromium-graded-driven composite triply periodic minimal surface structures made of stainless steel: deformation behavior tailoring and mechanical performance enhancement

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Dien Hu,
  • Jianying Wang,
  • M. W. Fu

摘要

The mechanical response of traditional stainless steel (SS) made triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures is constrained by a strength (Cr-rich SS)-ductility (316L SS) dilemma, coupled with potential vulnerabilities to shear failure and inhomogeneous deformation. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces a compositionally graded composite design strategy for Primitive (P) and Gyroid (G) type TPMS structures with a low relative density of ~ 8%. This novel structure is designed to feature a transition in Cr content, ranging from a Cr-rich unit cell layer (30 wt% Cr), through two transition layers (25.5 wt% and 21 wt% Cr), to a standard 316L SS unit cell layer. Experimental and simulated results show that this gradient structure exhibits sequential, layer-by-layer deformation, starting in the 316L SS unit cell layer and progressively propagating to adjacent unit cells with higher Cr content, with deformation in each preceding layer complete before the next layer is deformed. The distinct deformation mechanism significantly delays densification of the P-type structure, and the Cr-addition-induced enhancement of the inherent high strength ensures a desirable overall load-bearing capacity. The developed compositionally graded design structures exhibit an evenly matched energy-absorption capacity compared to pure 30Cr SS TPMS structures, with a predictable, tunable deformation mode. Also, the addition of Cr content enhances the corrosion resistance of the developed TPMS structures compared to 316L SS structures. Overall, the developed Cr-graded strategy offers a valuable guide for designing metamaterials in various applications that require multifunctional performance and controllable deformation behavior.