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<p>The reliability of stretchable and washable electronics remains limited by the lack of conductive materials that combine mechanical resilience with environmental stability. In this work, we introduce a family of self-healing silver composites formulated with conductive silver flakes settled into tailored polymer matrices optimized for screen printing and textile integration. Three polymers: thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), were evaluated with various solvent systems to achieve optimal rheological and electrical properties. By tuning polymer–solvent interactions, the resulting screen-printable pastes exhibit conductivities up to 0.58 MS/m on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foil and sheet resistances as low as 0.028 Ω/□ while transferred onto textile. The use of a dual adhesive system (printed and powder glue) enhanced adhesion and uniformity, while encapsulation significantly improved washing durability. After multiple washing cycles, insulated samples retained low sheet resistance, and post-wash heat pressing restored up to 80% of initial conductivity, confirming self-healing behaviour. Mechanical testing revealed excellent flexibility and resilience, with TPU/ethyl nicotinate layers sustaining elongations up to 93% and maintaining stable resistance during cyclic loading. Abrasion endurance exceeded 70,000 cycles for optimized systems. Overall, the developed silver-polymer composites provide a scalable approach toward durable, repairable, and washable conductive paths for wearable and stretchable electronics. This work establishes a foundation for practical, long-lasting, and sustainable e-textile technologies suitable for healthcare, soft robotics, and next-generation smart clothing.</p>

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Highly conductive silver layers with self-healing abilities for stretchable electronics and beyond

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Katarzyna Wójkowska,
  • Sandra Lepak,
  • Sigrid Rotzler,
  • Aleksandra Kądziela,
  • Pauline Stockmann,
  • Martyna Kmita,
  • Małgorzata Jakubowska,
  • Daniel Janczak

摘要

The reliability of stretchable and washable electronics remains limited by the lack of conductive materials that combine mechanical resilience with environmental stability. In this work, we introduce a family of self-healing silver composites formulated with conductive silver flakes settled into tailored polymer matrices optimized for screen printing and textile integration. Three polymers: thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), were evaluated with various solvent systems to achieve optimal rheological and electrical properties. By tuning polymer–solvent interactions, the resulting screen-printable pastes exhibit conductivities up to 0.58 MS/m on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foil and sheet resistances as low as 0.028 Ω/□ while transferred onto textile. The use of a dual adhesive system (printed and powder glue) enhanced adhesion and uniformity, while encapsulation significantly improved washing durability. After multiple washing cycles, insulated samples retained low sheet resistance, and post-wash heat pressing restored up to 80% of initial conductivity, confirming self-healing behaviour. Mechanical testing revealed excellent flexibility and resilience, with TPU/ethyl nicotinate layers sustaining elongations up to 93% and maintaining stable resistance during cyclic loading. Abrasion endurance exceeded 70,000 cycles for optimized systems. Overall, the developed silver-polymer composites provide a scalable approach toward durable, repairable, and washable conductive paths for wearable and stretchable electronics. This work establishes a foundation for practical, long-lasting, and sustainable e-textile technologies suitable for healthcare, soft robotics, and next-generation smart clothing.