Preparation of biofuel from biomass using nanocatalytic-assisted process

Biomass represents a promising form of renewable energy with favourable market potential. Nanocatalysts, known for their high activity and controllability, offer an opportunity to enhance the efficiency of biomass conversion processes. This review specifically examines the significant role and impact of nanocatalysts in biomass hydrogen-producing pyrolysis, dark fermentation, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis, as well as the associated preparation methods. Firstly, the potential of nanocatalysts in the catalytic pyrolysis of tar and their successful application in experimental reactors are reviewed. It discusses the enhancement of microorganism retention and the increase in hydrogen production rate through dark fermentation using composite nano-catalysts. Additionally, it highlights the promising application of 5-nm nanoscale NiO in electrocatalysis for a wide range of electrochemical reactions. The challenges of photocatalytic technology in efficient hydrogen production are also addressed. While nanocatalytic technology has positively impacted hydrogen production from biomass, challenges such as high cost, recyclability issues, and toxicity concerns persist. Future research directions include innovative nanocatalyst preparation, multi-technology combination, in-depth characterization research, and exploration of green nanocatalysts.