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<p>Access to safe drinking water remains a critical challenge in Mexico, particularly for rural communities that depend on untreated natural sources. Addressing this need requires solutions that combine energy autonomy with robust and effective purification processes. This study presents a fully autonomous, solar-powered water treatment system, designed and assessed at pilot scale, that integrates photovoltaic supply, reverse osmosis, and a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) photoreactor employing a supported TiO₂:Cu photocatalyst. Intended for decentralized operation, the system requires neither external electricity nor specialized personnel. Autonomous functionality is enabled through an Arduino-based control architecture equipped with real-time monitoring sensors and a touchscreen HMI, allowing fully automated sequencing of all treatment stages. Outdoor evaluation demonstrated complete removal of fecal coliforms and COD, and a 51% reduction in TOC after 4&#xa0;h of photocatalytic treatment. The coordinated operation of solar-driven membrane separation, heterogeneous photocatalysis, and automated control demonstrates a practical pathway for producing potable water in off-grid regions using only renewable energy. These results underscore the potential of fully integrated, automated solar treatment technologies to provide reliable, sustainable drinking water for remote communities.</p>

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Experimental analysis of autonomous multi-stage water treatment solar system

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月20日

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  • M. A. Hernández-Barajas,
  • Amanda Rodríguez-Álvarez,
  • P. R. Martínez-Manuel,
  • Carlos A. Pineda-Arellano

摘要

Access to safe drinking water remains a critical challenge in Mexico, particularly for rural communities that depend on untreated natural sources. Addressing this need requires solutions that combine energy autonomy with robust and effective purification processes. This study presents a fully autonomous, solar-powered water treatment system, designed and assessed at pilot scale, that integrates photovoltaic supply, reverse osmosis, and a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) photoreactor employing a supported TiO₂:Cu photocatalyst. Intended for decentralized operation, the system requires neither external electricity nor specialized personnel. Autonomous functionality is enabled through an Arduino-based control architecture equipped with real-time monitoring sensors and a touchscreen HMI, allowing fully automated sequencing of all treatment stages. Outdoor evaluation demonstrated complete removal of fecal coliforms and COD, and a 51% reduction in TOC after 4 h of photocatalytic treatment. The coordinated operation of solar-driven membrane separation, heterogeneous photocatalysis, and automated control demonstrates a practical pathway for producing potable water in off-grid regions using only renewable energy. These results underscore the potential of fully integrated, automated solar treatment technologies to provide reliable, sustainable drinking water for remote communities.