<p>This study aims to examine the effects of renewable and nonrenewable energy use, natural resources, urbanization, and technological innovation on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in Jordan. To this end, this study utilizes dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model simulations for time series data covering the period from 1990 to 2023. The study also employs the nonlinear NARDL model and the kernel-based regularized least squares (KRLS) for robustness checks. The results indicate that: (i) natural resources and nonrenewable energy use increase CO₂ emissions in both the short and long run; (ii) urbanization, technological innovation, and renewable energy use reduce CO₂ emissions in both the short and long run; (iii) negative shocks in natural resources and nonrenewable energy use lead to a decrease in CO₂ emissions, while positive shocks in these variables result in an increase; (iv) negative shocks in urbanization, technological innovation, and renewable energy lead to a rise in CO₂ emissions, and positive shocks in these variables have a decreasing effect. The results from NARDL and KRLS confirm the robustness of the dynamic ARDL simulation findings. Based on the research findings, implementing transition policies that promote a shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is essential for Jordan to improve sustainable development.</p>