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<p>Globally, freshwater lakes are increasingly threatened by climate change, urbanization, and agricultural runoff, leading to water quality degradation, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem imbalance. In the Nepal Himalayas, these challenges are compounded by rapid land-use changes and pollution, impacting&#xa0;critical aquatic ecosystems. This study focuses on Satyawati Lake, a mid-hill lake in Nepal, to assess seasonal hydrochemical variations and their implications for water quality. In post- and pre-monsoon periods, water samples were obtained from thirty sites and analyzed for critical parameters, including total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), potential of hydrogen (pH). Most parameters, like EC, TDS, and pH, were within WHO limits, although DO was relatively low (3.11&#xa0;mg/L) and COD (26.1&#xa0;mg/L) levels were elevated in the post-monsoon period, signaling organic pollution. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) identified clear spatial and seasonal pollution patterns, with higher mineral content in the pre-monsoon and increased organic load in the post-monsoon period. These findings posed challenges to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs)&#xa0;that are relevant to life on land, climate action, and clean water. Moreover, climate variability has exacerbated water quality deterioration, and future efforts should address these issues through improved pollution control, sustainable agriculture, and climate-resilient water management. The study emphasized long-term monitoring and sustainable management strategies to preserve Satyawati Lake’s ecological, economic, and aesthetic values, contributing to the broader conservation of Himalayan Lake ecosystems.</p>

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Hydrochemical dynamics and pollution regimes in Satyawati Lake, Nepal: implications for water quality and sustainable management

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月6日

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  • N. Reshmi,
  • M. P. Awasthi,
  • R. Bohara,
  • A. M. Saqr,
  • B. Đurin,
  • V. Cetl,
  • R. R. Pant,
  • L. B. Thapa,
  • M. K. Chettri

摘要

Globally, freshwater lakes are increasingly threatened by climate change, urbanization, and agricultural runoff, leading to water quality degradation, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem imbalance. In the Nepal Himalayas, these challenges are compounded by rapid land-use changes and pollution, impacting critical aquatic ecosystems. This study focuses on Satyawati Lake, a mid-hill lake in Nepal, to assess seasonal hydrochemical variations and their implications for water quality. In post- and pre-monsoon periods, water samples were obtained from thirty sites and analyzed for critical parameters, including total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), potential of hydrogen (pH). Most parameters, like EC, TDS, and pH, were within WHO limits, although DO was relatively low (3.11 mg/L) and COD (26.1 mg/L) levels were elevated in the post-monsoon period, signaling organic pollution. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) identified clear spatial and seasonal pollution patterns, with higher mineral content in the pre-monsoon and increased organic load in the post-monsoon period. These findings posed challenges to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) that are relevant to life on land, climate action, and clean water. Moreover, climate variability has exacerbated water quality deterioration, and future efforts should address these issues through improved pollution control, sustainable agriculture, and climate-resilient water management. The study emphasized long-term monitoring and sustainable management strategies to preserve Satyawati Lake’s ecological, economic, and aesthetic values, contributing to the broader conservation of Himalayan Lake ecosystems.