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<p>This study evaluates groundwater potential and quality at the Federal University of Technology, Ikot Abasi (FUTIA) using geophysical Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and geochemical methods. Conducted at both temporary and permanent sites, the investigation focused on apparent resistivity, depth, layer thickness, longitudinal conductance, transverse resistance, hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity, alongside physicochemical analysis of water samples. The VES survey indicated that the permanent site offers better groundwater conditions, with moderate to high apparent resistivity values (1.330–2.940 Ωm), deeper subsurface layers (up to 113&#xa0;m), and thicker aquifer zones. In contrast, the temporary site showed greater variability in apparent resistivity (0.263–12.000 Ωm), reflecting heterogeneous subsurface materials. High longitudinal conductance suggested significant protection against contamination, while the permanent site exhibited higher transverse resistance, indicating good groundwater yield potential. Geochemical analysis revealed variations in water quality, with pH values between 6.16 and 7.10, and some samples below WHO drinking standards. PCA revealed mineral dissolution and anthropogenic signatures as dominant controls on water chemistry. All samples recorded WQI values &gt; 300, indicating water is unsuitable for direct use. Elevated Ca<sup>2</sup>⁺, Mg<sup>2</sup>⁺, and Fe<sup>2</sup>⁺ contributed significantly to hardness and contamination risk. Although low mineral content suggests suitability for drinking and agriculture, elevated calcium and magnesium levels indicate hardness. The water quality index (WQI) rated the groundwater as unsuitable for consumption without treatment due to high iron and trace metal concentrations. The permanent site shows more promising groundwater potential, but quality issues necessitate treatment.</p>

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Multidimensional assessment of groundwater potential and quality using geo-electrochemical characterization techniques in a coastal aquifer at the Federal University of Technology, Ikot Abasi

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月24日

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  • M. U. Aka,
  • J. C. Ibuot,
  • O. E. Agbasi

摘要

This study evaluates groundwater potential and quality at the Federal University of Technology, Ikot Abasi (FUTIA) using geophysical Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and geochemical methods. Conducted at both temporary and permanent sites, the investigation focused on apparent resistivity, depth, layer thickness, longitudinal conductance, transverse resistance, hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity, alongside physicochemical analysis of water samples. The VES survey indicated that the permanent site offers better groundwater conditions, with moderate to high apparent resistivity values (1.330–2.940 Ωm), deeper subsurface layers (up to 113 m), and thicker aquifer zones. In contrast, the temporary site showed greater variability in apparent resistivity (0.263–12.000 Ωm), reflecting heterogeneous subsurface materials. High longitudinal conductance suggested significant protection against contamination, while the permanent site exhibited higher transverse resistance, indicating good groundwater yield potential. Geochemical analysis revealed variations in water quality, with pH values between 6.16 and 7.10, and some samples below WHO drinking standards. PCA revealed mineral dissolution and anthropogenic signatures as dominant controls on water chemistry. All samples recorded WQI values > 300, indicating water is unsuitable for direct use. Elevated Ca2⁺, Mg2⁺, and Fe2⁺ contributed significantly to hardness and contamination risk. Although low mineral content suggests suitability for drinking and agriculture, elevated calcium and magnesium levels indicate hardness. The water quality index (WQI) rated the groundwater as unsuitable for consumption without treatment due to high iron and trace metal concentrations. The permanent site shows more promising groundwater potential, but quality issues necessitate treatment.