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<p>Rivers play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and supporting human communities as water sources and transportation. However, river pollution has become a pressing issue in Malaysia, with water quality deteriorating year by year, primarily due to anthropogenic activities releasing microbial contaminants. This study aims to assess the presence of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and fecal coliforms in relation to overall water quality parameters in the Besut, Setiu, and Terengganu Rivers, Malaysia. Seasonal sampling was conducted at three stations along each river. Coliforms and <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> were detected using the Most Probable Number method, while physicochemical parameters were analysed according to standard procedures. The results revealed that all three rivers fall under Class III of the Malaysian National Water Quality Standards, indicating that extensive treatment is required before the water can be considered safe for consumption. <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> and fecal coliform bacteria were consistently detected in all three rivers, indicating significant microbial contamination from human and animal waste. The levels of <i>E</i>.<i> coli</i> consistently exceeded safe limits, likely due to untreated sewage discharge, agricultural runoff, and poor sanitation practices. The Terengganu River exhibited the highest levels of microbial contamination, likely attributed to higher population density and industrial activities. The Setiu and Besut Rivers showed moderate and low levels of contamination, respectively, corresponding to less intensive human activities. These findings highlighted the urgent need for effective water quality management, including the implementation of proper sewage treatment systems, and the promotion of public awareness to reduce microbial contamination and safeguard both environmental and public health.</p>

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Assessment of Escherichia coli and fecal coliform as water quality indicators in Terengganu, Besut and Setiu Rivers, Malaysia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月2日

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  • N. F. Ibrahim,
  • N. A. H. M. Noh,
  • H. Juahir,
  • M. K. A. Kamaruddin,
  • M. A. Gharaibeh,
  • N. Yaakub

摘要

Rivers play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and supporting human communities as water sources and transportation. However, river pollution has become a pressing issue in Malaysia, with water quality deteriorating year by year, primarily due to anthropogenic activities releasing microbial contaminants. This study aims to assess the presence of Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms in relation to overall water quality parameters in the Besut, Setiu, and Terengganu Rivers, Malaysia. Seasonal sampling was conducted at three stations along each river. Coliforms and E. coli were detected using the Most Probable Number method, while physicochemical parameters were analysed according to standard procedures. The results revealed that all three rivers fall under Class III of the Malaysian National Water Quality Standards, indicating that extensive treatment is required before the water can be considered safe for consumption. E. coli and fecal coliform bacteria were consistently detected in all three rivers, indicating significant microbial contamination from human and animal waste. The levels of E. coli consistently exceeded safe limits, likely due to untreated sewage discharge, agricultural runoff, and poor sanitation practices. The Terengganu River exhibited the highest levels of microbial contamination, likely attributed to higher population density and industrial activities. The Setiu and Besut Rivers showed moderate and low levels of contamination, respectively, corresponding to less intensive human activities. These findings highlighted the urgent need for effective water quality management, including the implementation of proper sewage treatment systems, and the promotion of public awareness to reduce microbial contamination and safeguard both environmental and public health.