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<p>The Relative Treatment Efficiency Index (RTEI) is an index used to compare the treatment efficiency of <i>Hydrocotyle umbellata</i> or the removal of pollutants in constructed wetlands. It provides a quantitative measure of how effectively a <i>Hydrocotyle umbellate</i> accumulates or removes a specific heavy metal compared to other tested plants or treatments. It is used to identify the removal effects of treated experiment. Greater RTEI value indicates the greater removal of heavy metals from contaminated medium. The <i>Hydrocotyle umbellata</i> efficiency was evaluated in removing heavy metals like lead and cadmium in constructed wetlands. <i>Hydrocotyle umbellata</i> was grown in experimental buckets filled with synthetic wastewater along with the heavy metals concentration 1&#xa0;mg/L and 3&#xa0;mg/L of cadmium and lead. The experiment was conducted for 21&#xa0;days to evaluate its efficiency in removing cadmium and lead. The overall results showed that the greater removal was observed at the 1&#xa0;mg/L of cadmium followed by 3&#xa0;mg/L cadmium, 1&#xa0;mg/L and 3&#xa0;mg/L of lead respectively. The heavy metals (Cd and Pb) was also investigated at the 21st day of the experiments. The results of the experiment showed that the concentrations of Cd 1&#xa0;mg/L were found in roots (0.075&#xa0;mg/L) &gt; stem (0.052&#xa0;mg/L) &gt; leaves (0.045&#xa0;mg/L) and the Cd 3&#xa0;mg/L concentrations were found in roots (0.056&#xa0;mg/L) &gt; stem (0.042&#xa0;mg/L) &gt; leaves (0.032&#xa0;mg/L) respectively. The Pb 1&#xa0;mg/L was found highest in roots (0.04&#xa0;mg/L) followed by the stem (0.032&#xa0;mg/L) and leaves (0.024&#xa0;mg/L). While The Pb 3&#xa0;mg/L was investigated highest in the roots (0.036&#xa0;mg/L) followed by the stem (0.024&#xa0;mg/L) and leaves (0.022&#xa0;mg/L) respectively. The highest RTEI value was 8.41 with 90% removal of Cd 1&#xa0;mg/L after 21&#xa0;days of experiment. The results also revealed that the highest accumulation of heavy metals was higher in roots than stems and leaves. Bioconcentration factor was found to be higher (1.32) than the translocation factor (0.34) for Cd 1&#xa0;mg/L. Water quality parameters were also observed through the experiment maximum removal of COD was observed on 21st day of Cd 1&#xa0;mg/L i-e 220&#xa0;mg/L with 84% removal and EC was 212 mS/cm with 40.5% removal followed by Cd 3&#xa0;mg/L, Pb mg/L and Pb 3&#xa0;mg/L respectively. The Integration of <i>Hydrocotyl umbelleta</i> as a hyperaccumulator into constructed wetlands could provide an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to ecosystem restoration and water quality improvement.</p>

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Phytoremediation potential and relative treatment efficiency index (RTEI) of hydrocotyle umbelleta for the treatment of cadmium and lead in constructed wetland

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月27日

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  • T. Sajjad,
  • B. S. Zeb,
  • H. Zafar,
  • T. Shakeel

摘要

The Relative Treatment Efficiency Index (RTEI) is an index used to compare the treatment efficiency of Hydrocotyle umbellata or the removal of pollutants in constructed wetlands. It provides a quantitative measure of how effectively a Hydrocotyle umbellate accumulates or removes a specific heavy metal compared to other tested plants or treatments. It is used to identify the removal effects of treated experiment. Greater RTEI value indicates the greater removal of heavy metals from contaminated medium. The Hydrocotyle umbellata efficiency was evaluated in removing heavy metals like lead and cadmium in constructed wetlands. Hydrocotyle umbellata was grown in experimental buckets filled with synthetic wastewater along with the heavy metals concentration 1 mg/L and 3 mg/L of cadmium and lead. The experiment was conducted for 21 days to evaluate its efficiency in removing cadmium and lead. The overall results showed that the greater removal was observed at the 1 mg/L of cadmium followed by 3 mg/L cadmium, 1 mg/L and 3 mg/L of lead respectively. The heavy metals (Cd and Pb) was also investigated at the 21st day of the experiments. The results of the experiment showed that the concentrations of Cd 1 mg/L were found in roots (0.075 mg/L) > stem (0.052 mg/L) > leaves (0.045 mg/L) and the Cd 3 mg/L concentrations were found in roots (0.056 mg/L) > stem (0.042 mg/L) > leaves (0.032 mg/L) respectively. The Pb 1 mg/L was found highest in roots (0.04 mg/L) followed by the stem (0.032 mg/L) and leaves (0.024 mg/L). While The Pb 3 mg/L was investigated highest in the roots (0.036 mg/L) followed by the stem (0.024 mg/L) and leaves (0.022 mg/L) respectively. The highest RTEI value was 8.41 with 90% removal of Cd 1 mg/L after 21 days of experiment. The results also revealed that the highest accumulation of heavy metals was higher in roots than stems and leaves. Bioconcentration factor was found to be higher (1.32) than the translocation factor (0.34) for Cd 1 mg/L. Water quality parameters were also observed through the experiment maximum removal of COD was observed on 21st day of Cd 1 mg/L i-e 220 mg/L with 84% removal and EC was 212 mS/cm with 40.5% removal followed by Cd 3 mg/L, Pb mg/L and Pb 3 mg/L respectively. The Integration of Hydrocotyl umbelleta as a hyperaccumulator into constructed wetlands could provide an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to ecosystem restoration and water quality improvement.