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<p>The objective of this study was to investigate the sources of heavy metal contamination in groundwater samples from Roorkee city in Uttarakhand, India. 52 water samples were gathered from various drinking water sources (Handpumps) through the utilization of a grid-based sampling methodology. An evaluation of human health was conducted by employing the heavy metal pollution index (HPI), degree of contamination (Cd), heavy metal assessment index (HEI), as well as the assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. Most samples exhibited low to moderate contamination; however, site RK-6 showed alarmingly high values of HPI (214.67), Cd (2.47), and HEI (15.47), primarily due to elevated lead (Pb) concentrations. The carcinogenic risk value was within acceptable limits, indicating no significant cancer risk concern. However, 32% of the samples had non-carcinogenic risk values (HI &gt; 1), suggesting potential non-carcinogenic health risks for individuals consuming the groundwater. Elevated concentrations of specific heavy metals, including aluminium (Al), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and uranium (U), were detected at RK-3, RK-6, RK-10, RK-12, and RK-22 were observed exceeding the permissible limits established by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). These elevated levels are likely due to anthropogenic activities such as industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and coal combustion. Multivariate statistical analyses were applied to identify potential common sources of heavy metals in the study area. The findings highlight the urgent need for regular groundwater monitoring to safeguard public health in Roorkee, as the city's groundwater is in the early stages of deterioration due to anthropogenic activities.</p>

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Assessment of heavy metals in groundwater and their potential health risks: case study of Roorkee City, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月6日

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  • M. K. Sharma,
  • D. Kumar,
  • V. Gehlot,
  • D. Sharma,
  • K. Bhanot,
  • M. Kumar,
  • B. Sharma

摘要

The objective of this study was to investigate the sources of heavy metal contamination in groundwater samples from Roorkee city in Uttarakhand, India. 52 water samples were gathered from various drinking water sources (Handpumps) through the utilization of a grid-based sampling methodology. An evaluation of human health was conducted by employing the heavy metal pollution index (HPI), degree of contamination (Cd), heavy metal assessment index (HEI), as well as the assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. Most samples exhibited low to moderate contamination; however, site RK-6 showed alarmingly high values of HPI (214.67), Cd (2.47), and HEI (15.47), primarily due to elevated lead (Pb) concentrations. The carcinogenic risk value was within acceptable limits, indicating no significant cancer risk concern. However, 32% of the samples had non-carcinogenic risk values (HI > 1), suggesting potential non-carcinogenic health risks for individuals consuming the groundwater. Elevated concentrations of specific heavy metals, including aluminium (Al), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and uranium (U), were detected at RK-3, RK-6, RK-10, RK-12, and RK-22 were observed exceeding the permissible limits established by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). These elevated levels are likely due to anthropogenic activities such as industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and coal combustion. Multivariate statistical analyses were applied to identify potential common sources of heavy metals in the study area. The findings highlight the urgent need for regular groundwater monitoring to safeguard public health in Roorkee, as the city's groundwater is in the early stages of deterioration due to anthropogenic activities.