Reducing non-revenue water in peri-urban Tanzania through an integrated data-driven approach: a pilot study in Dodoma

Non-revenue water (N.R.W) levels exceeding 40% present a formidable challenge to water utilities in Tanzania and other developing nations. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive diagnostic assessment of the Nkuhungu zone served by Dodoma Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DUWASA), which typifies resource-constrained peri-urban areas nationwide. A detailed survey mapped 51.2 km of pipes supplying 8816 connections. Spatial analysis of 165 reported bursts from February to March 2022 identified three hotspots accounting for over 50% of leaks. Monthly water balances estimated average N.R.W of 42.4%, significantly exceeding targets. Stakeholder consultations provided insights into intermittent pressures, aging infrastructure, and inefficient maintenance as key deficit areas. We proposed a targeted, multi-pronged intervention package for coordination by an established N.R.W Task Force. Priority actions included replacing corroded cast iron and asbestos cement mains in identified hotspots, implementing hydraulic pressure management strategies, and community engagement programs to formalize access and consumption monitoring. Predictive modeling indicated this integrated, participatory approach could reduce N.R.W by over 21% annually through adaptive, evidence-based planning if effectively coordinated. This study establishes an empirical, replicable model for sustainably reducing N.R.W and expanding access through capacity building of decentralized Tanzanian utilities.