Analyzing the presence of microbial contaminants in water sourced from shallow wells within Dodoma city, Tanzania

Waterborne infections have long posed a significant challenge in the slums of emerging cities, including Dodoma, the administrative capital of Tanzania. Access to safe drinking water is challenged in Dodoma, Tanzania where shallow wells are common sources. This study assessed microbiological quality and health risks of shallow well water in Chang’ombe ward, one of Dodoma’s largest informal settlements housing over 12,000 residents per km². Water samples from 13 wells were collected during rains and analyzed for bacteria and protozoa using standard methods. Questionnaires provided data on sanitation and reported illnesses. Analysis revealed widespread bacterial contamination above WHO guidelines, with 96% of samples containing fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli at mean counts of 40 CFU/100 ml. Pathogenic protozoa Giardia lamblia were detected in 23% of samples at 3–4 CFU/100 ml. Field observations implicated improper human and solid waste disposal allowing fecal contamination of wells. Over 60% of households reported cases of diarrhea and 35% typhoid in the past year, correlating to detected pathogens. As Dodoma’s population doubles, health risks from contaminated groundwater sources escalate without improved sanitation and hygiene. Urgent interventions such as upgrading infrastructure, promotion of low-cost treatment and safe hygiene practices are needed to protect this vulnerable community from waterborne disease burden.