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<p>This study presents an integrated experimental, numerical, and optimization-based framework for enhancing the structural and durability performance of precast M40 concrete U drains incorporating supplementary cementitious materials (GGBS and fly ash) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Ten concrete mixes were developed, including control, SCM-based, and CNT-modified mixes with CNT dosages ranging from 0.01% to 0.15%. Mechanical and durability properties were evaluated in accordance with relevant Indian Standards (IS), while finite element modelling (FEM) of six U-drain geometries was performed in ANSYS under IRC Class A, AA, and 70R vehicular loadings. Experimental results indicated that the maximum 28-day compressive strength (65.5&#xa0;MPa) occurred at 0.03% CNT due to improved matrix densification. However, FEM simulations revealed that structural performance is governed by a combined stress–deformation–durability response rather than strength alone. A multi-objective optimization approach incorporating FEM stress, deformation, rapid chloride permeability (RCPT), and water permeability was employed to compute a composite performance index (PI). The results consistently identified 0.05% CNT (Mix M4-3) as the optimal dosage across all load classes, offering the best trade-off between stiffness, durability, and structural safety. Statistical analyses confirmed the significant influence of CNT dosage and SCM incorporation. The proposed framework provides practical design guidance for durable and structurally efficient precast U-drain systems subjected to varying traffic loads.</p>

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Structural and performance optimization of GGBS–fly ash–CNT-based M40 concrete U-drains under IRC loadings using FEM and multi-objective optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月21日

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  • Girish Chandra Gandhi,
  • Payal Mehta,
  • Ankit Sodha

摘要

This study presents an integrated experimental, numerical, and optimization-based framework for enhancing the structural and durability performance of precast M40 concrete U drains incorporating supplementary cementitious materials (GGBS and fly ash) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Ten concrete mixes were developed, including control, SCM-based, and CNT-modified mixes with CNT dosages ranging from 0.01% to 0.15%. Mechanical and durability properties were evaluated in accordance with relevant Indian Standards (IS), while finite element modelling (FEM) of six U-drain geometries was performed in ANSYS under IRC Class A, AA, and 70R vehicular loadings. Experimental results indicated that the maximum 28-day compressive strength (65.5 MPa) occurred at 0.03% CNT due to improved matrix densification. However, FEM simulations revealed that structural performance is governed by a combined stress–deformation–durability response rather than strength alone. A multi-objective optimization approach incorporating FEM stress, deformation, rapid chloride permeability (RCPT), and water permeability was employed to compute a composite performance index (PI). The results consistently identified 0.05% CNT (Mix M4-3) as the optimal dosage across all load classes, offering the best trade-off between stiffness, durability, and structural safety. Statistical analyses confirmed the significant influence of CNT dosage and SCM incorporation. The proposed framework provides practical design guidance for durable and structurally efficient precast U-drain systems subjected to varying traffic loads.