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<p>Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures operating in agro-industrial and food-processing environments are highly vulnerable to organic acid attack, particularly from citric acid, which induces calcium leaching, matrix destabilization, and premature steel corrosion. This study experimentally investigates the durability and corrosion resistance of silica fume–modified RCC exposed to citric acid and identifies an optimal mix through multi-objective optimization. Six RCC mixes were prepared by partially replacing Ordinary Portland Cement with silica fume at 0–15% (by weight) and designed for M30 grade concrete. After 28 days of water curing, specimens were immersed in citric acid solutions of varying concentrations (2–10%) for up to 56 days. Mechanical performance, durability, and corrosion behavior were evaluated using compressive, split tensile and flexural strength tests, sorptivity, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity, rapid chloride penetration, half-cell potential, steel weight loss, and pore solution pH measurements. Microstructural and chemical degradation mechanisms were examined through SEM, EDS, XRD, and FTIR analyses. Results reveal that silica fume significantly enhances matrix densification, reduces permeability, preserves alkalinity, and mitigates corrosion under acidic exposure. The mix containing 10% silica fume exhibited the best overall performance, achieving a compressive strength of 46.0&#xa0;MPa, minimal concrete and steel weight loss, low chloride permeability, and superior electrochemical stability. A hybrid NSGA-III–TOPSIS optimization framework confirmed this mix as the optimal trade-off solution. The findings provide practical guidelines for designing durable RCC for organic acid–rich environments.</p>

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Durability and corrosion resistance of silica fume modified RCC under citric acid exposure through experimental analysis and multi objective optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Abhishek Mishra,
  • Mukesh Pandey,
  • Rakesh Gupta

摘要

Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures operating in agro-industrial and food-processing environments are highly vulnerable to organic acid attack, particularly from citric acid, which induces calcium leaching, matrix destabilization, and premature steel corrosion. This study experimentally investigates the durability and corrosion resistance of silica fume–modified RCC exposed to citric acid and identifies an optimal mix through multi-objective optimization. Six RCC mixes were prepared by partially replacing Ordinary Portland Cement with silica fume at 0–15% (by weight) and designed for M30 grade concrete. After 28 days of water curing, specimens were immersed in citric acid solutions of varying concentrations (2–10%) for up to 56 days. Mechanical performance, durability, and corrosion behavior were evaluated using compressive, split tensile and flexural strength tests, sorptivity, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity, rapid chloride penetration, half-cell potential, steel weight loss, and pore solution pH measurements. Microstructural and chemical degradation mechanisms were examined through SEM, EDS, XRD, and FTIR analyses. Results reveal that silica fume significantly enhances matrix densification, reduces permeability, preserves alkalinity, and mitigates corrosion under acidic exposure. The mix containing 10% silica fume exhibited the best overall performance, achieving a compressive strength of 46.0 MPa, minimal concrete and steel weight loss, low chloride permeability, and superior electrochemical stability. A hybrid NSGA-III–TOPSIS optimization framework confirmed this mix as the optimal trade-off solution. The findings provide practical guidelines for designing durable RCC for organic acid–rich environments.