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<p>This study investigates the synergistic effects of bacterial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) and zeolite incorporation on the self-healing and durability of M60 high-strength concrete. Three bacterial strains—<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>—were employed with varying cell concentrations (10⁵–10⁷ cells/ml) alongside zeolite dosages (0–20%). A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used for experimental design, followed by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for predictive modeling and NSGA-III for multi-objective optimization. Mechanical strength, water absorption, sorptivity, acid and thermal resistance, and microstructural features were comprehensively assessed. Results demonstrated that <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> at 10⁶ cells/ml with 20% zeolite significantly improved compressive strength (64.5&#xa0;MPa at 28 days), reduced sorptivity (0.122&#xa0;mm/√min), and enhanced crack-healing efficiency. SEM and XRD confirmed dense calcite deposition in healed cracks. The optimized mix also exhibited the lowest life-cycle cost and up to 18.3% CO₂ emission reduction. ANOVA confirmed the significant influence of both bacteria and zeolite, with RSM validating model accuracy. NSGA-III identified trade-offs between strength, durability, and cost. The findings support the development of sustainable, high-performance, self-healing concrete through bio-mineralization and pozzolanic synergy, offering long-term structural and environmental benefits.</p>

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Enhancing self-healing and durability of high-strength concrete using bacterial-induced calcite precipitation and zeolite: an experimental and multi-objective optimization approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月11日

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  • Sandeep Singh,
  • Sougata Chattopadhyay

摘要

This study investigates the synergistic effects of bacterial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) and zeolite incorporation on the self-healing and durability of M60 high-strength concrete. Three bacterial strains—Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa—were employed with varying cell concentrations (10⁵–10⁷ cells/ml) alongside zeolite dosages (0–20%). A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used for experimental design, followed by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for predictive modeling and NSGA-III for multi-objective optimization. Mechanical strength, water absorption, sorptivity, acid and thermal resistance, and microstructural features were comprehensively assessed. Results demonstrated that Bacillus subtilis at 10⁶ cells/ml with 20% zeolite significantly improved compressive strength (64.5 MPa at 28 days), reduced sorptivity (0.122 mm/√min), and enhanced crack-healing efficiency. SEM and XRD confirmed dense calcite deposition in healed cracks. The optimized mix also exhibited the lowest life-cycle cost and up to 18.3% CO₂ emission reduction. ANOVA confirmed the significant influence of both bacteria and zeolite, with RSM validating model accuracy. NSGA-III identified trade-offs between strength, durability, and cost. The findings support the development of sustainable, high-performance, self-healing concrete through bio-mineralization and pozzolanic synergy, offering long-term structural and environmental benefits.