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<p>This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the synergistic enhancement of M40-grade concrete through the combined use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and fly ash. Ten concrete mixes were designed in accordance with IS 10262:2019, incorporating varying CNT dosages (0.01%–0.15% by weight of cement) alongside partial cement replacements with GGBS (40%) and Fly Ash (30%). The fresh, mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties were assessed using standardized tests including slump cone, compressive and flexural strength, rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT), water permeability, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Results revealed that an optimal CNT dosage of 0.06%–0.08% significantly enhanced performance, achieving a compressive strength of up to 65.5&#xa0;MPa, flexural strength of 6.65&#xa0;MPa, and chloride permeability as low as 890 Coulombs. SEM and XRD analyses confirmed matrix densification and enhanced calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) formation at these CNT levels. However, higher dosages led to CNT agglomeration, reduced hydration, and diminished performance. Response surface methodology (RSM) and multi-objective optimization identified 0.08% CNT as the ideal dosage for balanced strength and durability. Notably, life cycle assessment (LCA) revealed a sharp increase in CO₂ emissions with rising CNT content, underscoring a critical sustainability trade-off. This study concludes that a carefully optimized combination of CNTs and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) can produce durable, high-performance concrete suitable for aggressive environments, provided environmental impacts and material dispersion are effectively managed.</p>

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Optimization of CNT–GGBS–Fly Ash blends for enhanced strength and durability of cementitious concrete

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月30日

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  • Girish Chandra Gandhi,
  • Payal Mehta,
  • Ankit Sodha

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the synergistic enhancement of M40-grade concrete through the combined use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and fly ash. Ten concrete mixes were designed in accordance with IS 10262:2019, incorporating varying CNT dosages (0.01%–0.15% by weight of cement) alongside partial cement replacements with GGBS (40%) and Fly Ash (30%). The fresh, mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties were assessed using standardized tests including slump cone, compressive and flexural strength, rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT), water permeability, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Results revealed that an optimal CNT dosage of 0.06%–0.08% significantly enhanced performance, achieving a compressive strength of up to 65.5 MPa, flexural strength of 6.65 MPa, and chloride permeability as low as 890 Coulombs. SEM and XRD analyses confirmed matrix densification and enhanced calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) formation at these CNT levels. However, higher dosages led to CNT agglomeration, reduced hydration, and diminished performance. Response surface methodology (RSM) and multi-objective optimization identified 0.08% CNT as the ideal dosage for balanced strength and durability. Notably, life cycle assessment (LCA) revealed a sharp increase in CO₂ emissions with rising CNT content, underscoring a critical sustainability trade-off. This study concludes that a carefully optimized combination of CNTs and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) can produce durable, high-performance concrete suitable for aggressive environments, provided environmental impacts and material dispersion are effectively managed.