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<p>The construction business is expanding significantly. Rapid technological advancements have been made to address many challenges facing the building sector. When it comes to materials used in building, concrete is among the most crucial ones in the business. The production of cement releases around eight to ten times the global carbon dioxide emissions. Crushed limestone and clays that are heated to high temperatures produce the greenhouse gas. The two main components of concrete, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and natural aggregates, are advised to be recycled or replaced in order to address the sustainability issue. Recycling waste materials and industrial by-products has become more popular in recent years as a way to create environmentally friendly concrete, also known as “green concrete”. This study reviews literature from 1998 to 2024 on using various industrial waste materials as partial substitutes for aggregates and cement in concrete production, evaluating their environmental impact. It highlights the benefits and drawbacks of incorporating recycled coarse aggregates and printed circuit boards (E-Waste), particularly their CO<sub>2</sub> emission reduction and improved compressive strength. Optimal replacement levels range from 5 to 50%, showing improvements in compressive strength, durability, and sustainability. The use of E-waste increases compressive strength by 10–15%, with the highest strength gains observed using marble powder and silica fume, ranging from 25 to 30%. The review also identifies key similarities and differences in compressive strength and other properties such as workability, sustainability of alternative materials used to produce green concrete, evaluates correlations, and suggests future research directions to promote sustainable practices in concrete production.</p>

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Green concrete incorporating industrial waste and E-waste: a review of compressive strength, CO2 emissions, and replacement levels

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月22日

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  • Juhi Ramteke,
  • Kaminee Rathore,
  • Jayant Damodar Supe

摘要

The construction business is expanding significantly. Rapid technological advancements have been made to address many challenges facing the building sector. When it comes to materials used in building, concrete is among the most crucial ones in the business. The production of cement releases around eight to ten times the global carbon dioxide emissions. Crushed limestone and clays that are heated to high temperatures produce the greenhouse gas. The two main components of concrete, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and natural aggregates, are advised to be recycled or replaced in order to address the sustainability issue. Recycling waste materials and industrial by-products has become more popular in recent years as a way to create environmentally friendly concrete, also known as “green concrete”. This study reviews literature from 1998 to 2024 on using various industrial waste materials as partial substitutes for aggregates and cement in concrete production, evaluating their environmental impact. It highlights the benefits and drawbacks of incorporating recycled coarse aggregates and printed circuit boards (E-Waste), particularly their CO2 emission reduction and improved compressive strength. Optimal replacement levels range from 5 to 50%, showing improvements in compressive strength, durability, and sustainability. The use of E-waste increases compressive strength by 10–15%, with the highest strength gains observed using marble powder and silica fume, ranging from 25 to 30%. The review also identifies key similarities and differences in compressive strength and other properties such as workability, sustainability of alternative materials used to produce green concrete, evaluates correlations, and suggests future research directions to promote sustainable practices in concrete production.