<p>Following the death of George Floyd and the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement, scholars and activists have shown renewed interest in the work of Frantz Fanon, particularly his analyses of colonialism, racism, and identity. Although Fanon’s participation in the Algerian independence movement has received substantial attention, scholars have less frequently examined his contributions to social psychiatry. This article explores the historical and contemporary intersections of psychiatry, race, and colonialism, with particular attention to Fanon’s psychiatric practice and writings, the racialization of schizophrenia, the emergence of constructs such as “excited delirium,” and the disproportionate incarceration of Black men in the United States. Drawing on medical, historical, and sociopolitical sources, the article demonstrates how psychiatric discourse has pathologized Black identity and resistance while reinforcing systems of racial oppression and social control. In contrast, Fanon’s clinical practice and theoretical writings challenged psychiatry to recognize its political dimensions and its role in maintaining colonial and racial hierarchies. Although Fanon primarily analyzed the effects of external colonial domination, many scholars have argued that African American communities experience forms of internal colonialism within the United States. Persistent racial disparities in psychiatric diagnosis, treatment, policing, and incarceration underscore the continuing relevance of Fanon’s work for contemporary psychiatry and mental health practice.</p>