<p>This interdisciplinary review explores how Buddhist epistemology can enrich contemporary critical thinking by addressing the limitations of approaches that overemphasize formal logic while marginalizing ethical, emotional, and experiential dimensions. Drawing on key concepts such as mindfulness (sati, defined as present-centered awareness), dependent origination (paṭiccasamuppāda, defined as the interconnectedness and conditionality of phenomena), and compassion (mettā, defined as unconditional loving-kindness), the review proposes a holistic framework integrating analytical reasoning with ethical intentionality (careful alignment of actions with present-moment awareness and ethical considerations) and introspective awareness (deep reflection on cognitive and emotional states). Supported by evidence from neuroscience, education, and moral psychology, the review shows that contemplative practices enhance executive functioning, reduce bias, and develop meta-cognitive awareness. Furthermore, dialogical learning rooted in Buddhist pedagogy cultivates intercultural competence, empathy, and epistemic humility (the capacity to recognize the limits of one’s knowledge and remain open to other perspectives) skills essential for global citizenship in a pluralistic world. Ethically, Buddhism emphasizes non-harming (ahiṃsā, defined as the active commitment to avoiding harm to all beings) and relational responsibility (recognition of ethical obligations arising from interdependence), offering alternatives to utilitarian and technocratic models in addressing complex challenges such as climate change, artificial intelligence, and bioethics. Buddhist-informed ethics promotes systemic awareness and compassion-centered reasoning (ethical reasoning grounded in empathy and interconnectedness). Although promising, this framework requires further empirical validation and interdisciplinary methodological development. The review calls for expanded research on curriculum integration, cross-cultural implementation, and policy applications (Additionally, clearer operationalization and consistent definitions of Buddhist concepts across interdisciplinary contexts are necessary to ensure effective application and understanding). In conclusion, Buddhist epistemology offers a cognitively robust, ethically grounded, and pedagogically applicable model for 21st-century education. It aligns logical analysis with emotional intelligence and moral discernment, fostering reflective and compassionate learners equipped to navigate the ethical and epistemic complexities of an interconnected world (This alignment addresses an urgent educational need arising from global ethical challenges, cultural pluralism, and rapid technological changes).</p>