A comprehensive study on energy-efficient-based routing protocols in the Internet of things Part I: definition and classification

The Internet of things (IoT) rapidly grew, and numerous services, programs, sensor-equipped electronics, and related protocols were created and are still being worked on today by enabling physical objects to communicate with one another and share helpful data while making decisions and performing or working on their significant tasks. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) significantly advance the IoT by serving as a permanent layer. The majority of IoT applications use WSNs as their foundation. IoT-based sensor networks must solve serious general and specialized risks and technical obstacles to ensure adoption and dissemination. The resource-constrained nature of WSNs is the primary cause of their limitations. Power consumption, network lifespan, routing, network throughput, and network security are the open research concerns in IoT-based sensor networks. This effort aims to extend the network's lifetime, increase throughput, reduce packet loss and latency, and further enhance the ability to confront hostile nodes to address the existing challenges. This paper begins with a detailed description of the IoT foundation and its associated works. It offers a classification and comparison of energy-efficient IoT routing algorithms. We also highlight areas in the literature that need to be filled for energy conservation strategies to be properly explored and considered in further efforts. We proposed a new classification for the technologies used for energy efficiency, focused on routing protocol strategies used in WSN in IoT applications, and discussed literature on WSN that is used for IoT. We will offer a fairly complete and up-to-date picture of IoT routing protocols in energy-saving, quickly discuss how these algorithms function, and examine their power consumption efficiency.