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Background <p>The association between serum vitamins and sex hormones has gained considerable research interest; however, studies focusing specifically on adolescent males remain limited.</p> Objective <p>To analyze associations between key serum vitamins and sex hormone levels in adolescent males.</p> Methods <p>This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2001–2004). Weighted generalized linear regression models were employed to examine associations between serum vitamins (D, B12, folate, A, and E) and sex hormones, namely, total testosterone (TT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and estradiol (E2). The Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model was employed to account for the combined effects of vitamins, nonlinear exposure-outcome relationships, and interactions among vitamins.</p> Results <p>A total of 231 participants aged 12–18 years were included. In the generalized linear model, vitamin A was positively correlated with TT (β = 0.421; 95% CI: 0.013, 0.829; <i>P</i> = 0.028) and negatively correlated with SHBG (β=-0.372; 95% CI: -0.549, -0.195; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001); folate was negatively correlated with both TT (β=-0.017; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001) and E2 (β=-0.012; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). In the BKMR model, the combined effects of serum vitamins on TT and E2 showed a non-significant weak negative trend; no clear pattern was observed for SHBG. Folate was identified as the most important factor influencing all three sex hormones. Bivariate exposure-response functions indicated potential interactions of folate with vitamin B12 on TT and with vitamin D on E2; no vitamin interactions were observed for SHBG.</p> Conclusion <p>Complex effects of vitamins on sex hormones in adolescent males were revealed. The mechanism(s) underlying the regulation and long-term health implications will be explored in the future.</p>

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Association between serum vitamins and sex hormone levels in adolescent males: based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • Zhipin Zhang,
  • Lu Liu,
  • Xiang Li,
  • Ye Wu

摘要

Background

The association between serum vitamins and sex hormones has gained considerable research interest; however, studies focusing specifically on adolescent males remain limited.

Objective

To analyze associations between key serum vitamins and sex hormone levels in adolescent males.

Methods

This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2001–2004). Weighted generalized linear regression models were employed to examine associations between serum vitamins (D, B12, folate, A, and E) and sex hormones, namely, total testosterone (TT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and estradiol (E2). The Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model was employed to account for the combined effects of vitamins, nonlinear exposure-outcome relationships, and interactions among vitamins.

Results

A total of 231 participants aged 12–18 years were included. In the generalized linear model, vitamin A was positively correlated with TT (β = 0.421; 95% CI: 0.013, 0.829; P = 0.028) and negatively correlated with SHBG (β=-0.372; 95% CI: -0.549, -0.195; P < 0.001); folate was negatively correlated with both TT (β=-0.017; P < 0.001) and E2 (β=-0.012; P < 0.001). In the BKMR model, the combined effects of serum vitamins on TT and E2 showed a non-significant weak negative trend; no clear pattern was observed for SHBG. Folate was identified as the most important factor influencing all three sex hormones. Bivariate exposure-response functions indicated potential interactions of folate with vitamin B12 on TT and with vitamin D on E2; no vitamin interactions were observed for SHBG.

Conclusion

Complex effects of vitamins on sex hormones in adolescent males were revealed. The mechanism(s) underlying the regulation and long-term health implications will be explored in the future.