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<p>A microfluidic (MF) platform was developed for the controlled synthesis of lanthanide-doped LaF<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles (NPs), including co-doped LaF<sub>3</sub>:Ce,Tb NPs and Rose Bengal (RB)–PEG–LaF<sub>3</sub>:Ce,Tb@LaF<sub>3</sub>:Ce core@shell nanocomposites. The structure, composition, and optical properties of the products were comprehensively characterized by XRD, XRF, TEM, HR-TEM, FTIR, UV–vis spectroscopy, and XEOL. The influence of key synthesis parameters such as solvent composition (EG/H<sub>2</sub>O mixture), reaction temperature, and flow rate on the crystallite size and morphology was systematically investigated. Variation of the EG/H<sub>2</sub>O ratio led to a pronounced increase in crystallite and particle size from ∼5 to ∼12&#xa0;nm with increasing water content. By tuning both solvent composition and temperature, the MF synthesis enabled the preparation of LaF<sub>3</sub>:Ce,Tb NPs with crystallite and particles sizes in the range of ∼ 4&#xa0;nm to ∼13&#xa0;nm. For flow rates above 100 μL/s (total synthesis time &lt; 2&#xa0;min), the crystallite size remained nearly constant, whereas the most pronounced changes were observed at flow rates below 10 μL/s (total synthesis time &gt; 16&#xa0;min). The MF-synthesized LaF<sub>3</sub>:Ce,Tb NPs exhibit a compact, pore-free structure, in contrast to NPs obtained by conventional coprecipitation, hydrothermal/solvothermal methods. Moreover, PEG-coated, RB–conjugated LaF<sub>3</sub>:Ce,Tb@LaF<sub>3</sub>:Ce core@shell NPs were successfully produced, demonstrating the versatility of the MF platform. These results highlight MF synthesis as an efficient route for fabricating high-quality luminescent LaF<sub>3</sub>-based nanomaterials with tunable size and morphology for prospective applications in photonics and biomedicine.</p>

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Microfluidic synthesis of LaF3:Ce,Tb core-shell nanoparticles: effects of synthesis parameters on morphology and size

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月15日

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  • Oleg E. Polozhentsev,
  • Aleksei N. Bulgakov,
  • Carol Y. Cárdenas,
  • Ilia A. Pankin,
  • Alexander V. Soldatov

摘要

A microfluidic (MF) platform was developed for the controlled synthesis of lanthanide-doped LaF3 nanoparticles (NPs), including co-doped LaF3:Ce,Tb NPs and Rose Bengal (RB)–PEG–LaF3:Ce,Tb@LaF3:Ce core@shell nanocomposites. The structure, composition, and optical properties of the products were comprehensively characterized by XRD, XRF, TEM, HR-TEM, FTIR, UV–vis spectroscopy, and XEOL. The influence of key synthesis parameters such as solvent composition (EG/H2O mixture), reaction temperature, and flow rate on the crystallite size and morphology was systematically investigated. Variation of the EG/H2O ratio led to a pronounced increase in crystallite and particle size from ∼5 to ∼12 nm with increasing water content. By tuning both solvent composition and temperature, the MF synthesis enabled the preparation of LaF3:Ce,Tb NPs with crystallite and particles sizes in the range of ∼ 4 nm to ∼13 nm. For flow rates above 100 μL/s (total synthesis time < 2 min), the crystallite size remained nearly constant, whereas the most pronounced changes were observed at flow rates below 10 μL/s (total synthesis time > 16 min). The MF-synthesized LaF3:Ce,Tb NPs exhibit a compact, pore-free structure, in contrast to NPs obtained by conventional coprecipitation, hydrothermal/solvothermal methods. Moreover, PEG-coated, RB–conjugated LaF3:Ce,Tb@LaF3:Ce core@shell NPs were successfully produced, demonstrating the versatility of the MF platform. These results highlight MF synthesis as an efficient route for fabricating high-quality luminescent LaF3-based nanomaterials with tunable size and morphology for prospective applications in photonics and biomedicine.