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<p>Long-term shoreline monitoring is crucial for understanding coastal dynamics, managing natural resources, and mitigating the impacts of erosion and sea level fluctuations. Traditional field-based measurements are often limited in spatial and temporal coverage, which restricts their suitability for extended monitoring. Remote sensing provides consistent, long-term datasets that enable the reliable detection and analysis of shoreline changes over extended periods. In this study, long-term shoreline change monitoring was conducted for Gorgan Bay, a vulnerable area in the southeastern Caspian Sea. Landsat program data spanning four decades were utilized, and shorelines were extracted at five-year intervals from 1985 to 2025 using machine learning approaches combined with edge detection techniques. Subsequently, the DSAS software was employed to analyze shoreline changes for each five-year period separately, allowing for a detailed assessment of erosion and accretion along the shoreline of Gorgan Bay. Shoreline change analysis revealed significant temporal variations in Gorgan Bay over the past four decades. Between 1985 and 1990, shoreline advance was predominant, with an average displacement of 223.76&#xa0;m, increasing to 810.83&#xa0;m by 1990–1995. From the mid-1990s onward, retreat dominated, with average annual erosion rates intensifying over time and maximum displacements reaching up to 14490.87&#xa0;m in 2020–2025. The most intense changes occurred during 2020–2025, when the average shoreline displacement reached 969.89&#xa0;m and maximum erosion peaked at -2898.17&#xa0;m per year. These findings highlight substantial long-term shoreline retreat in Gorgan Bay and the need for continuous monitoring to support effective coastal management.</p>

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Long-Term Shoreline Change Monitoring Using Remote Sensing Techniques and GIS Analysis: a Case Study of Gorgan Bay, Caspian Sea (1985–2025)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月19日

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  • Behnam Ebadati,
  • Mohammad Amin Mohammadi Ahoei,
  • Reza Attarzadeh

摘要

Long-term shoreline monitoring is crucial for understanding coastal dynamics, managing natural resources, and mitigating the impacts of erosion and sea level fluctuations. Traditional field-based measurements are often limited in spatial and temporal coverage, which restricts their suitability for extended monitoring. Remote sensing provides consistent, long-term datasets that enable the reliable detection and analysis of shoreline changes over extended periods. In this study, long-term shoreline change monitoring was conducted for Gorgan Bay, a vulnerable area in the southeastern Caspian Sea. Landsat program data spanning four decades were utilized, and shorelines were extracted at five-year intervals from 1985 to 2025 using machine learning approaches combined with edge detection techniques. Subsequently, the DSAS software was employed to analyze shoreline changes for each five-year period separately, allowing for a detailed assessment of erosion and accretion along the shoreline of Gorgan Bay. Shoreline change analysis revealed significant temporal variations in Gorgan Bay over the past four decades. Between 1985 and 1990, shoreline advance was predominant, with an average displacement of 223.76 m, increasing to 810.83 m by 1990–1995. From the mid-1990s onward, retreat dominated, with average annual erosion rates intensifying over time and maximum displacements reaching up to 14490.87 m in 2020–2025. The most intense changes occurred during 2020–2025, when the average shoreline displacement reached 969.89 m and maximum erosion peaked at -2898.17 m per year. These findings highlight substantial long-term shoreline retreat in Gorgan Bay and the need for continuous monitoring to support effective coastal management.