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<p>This study explores the mechanism of mucus clearance in the respiratory tract, when viral infection increases mucus production and alters its rheology and frequency of ciliary beats affected by temperature. The two-layer fluid model using the Williamson and Newtonian fluid describes the flow phenomenon with mass, momentum, energy and concentration equations. Physical laws of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics explain the rheology of mucus, temperature gradient and concentration of viruses in mucus. The mathematical model is simplified by the transformation and lubrication approach and then solved analytically by integration. The exact analytical results for mucus flow, fluid temperature and concentration of viruses in fluid describe the effects of physical parameters. The analytical results presented in graphical form using MATHEMATICA 13.0 show that the increasing effect of relaxation time of the Williamson fluid decays the fluid velocity, temperature of the fluid and diffusion in the fluid due to an increase in the resistive property of Williamson fluid. This study also reveals that viral inhalation disrupts the normal flow pattern near the ciliated epithelial linings shown through the streamlines.</p>

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Bilayer diffusive-convective transport in cilia-induced flow

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Khadija Maqbool,
  • Laraib Mehboob,
  • Hina Sadaf,
  • Sébastien Poncet

摘要

This study explores the mechanism of mucus clearance in the respiratory tract, when viral infection increases mucus production and alters its rheology and frequency of ciliary beats affected by temperature. The two-layer fluid model using the Williamson and Newtonian fluid describes the flow phenomenon with mass, momentum, energy and concentration equations. Physical laws of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics explain the rheology of mucus, temperature gradient and concentration of viruses in mucus. The mathematical model is simplified by the transformation and lubrication approach and then solved analytically by integration. The exact analytical results for mucus flow, fluid temperature and concentration of viruses in fluid describe the effects of physical parameters. The analytical results presented in graphical form using MATHEMATICA 13.0 show that the increasing effect of relaxation time of the Williamson fluid decays the fluid velocity, temperature of the fluid and diffusion in the fluid due to an increase in the resistive property of Williamson fluid. This study also reveals that viral inhalation disrupts the normal flow pattern near the ciliated epithelial linings shown through the streamlines.