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<p>3D printing has revolutionized tissue engineering (TE) in precision medicine. For effective use in TE, biomaterials must exhibit specific characteristics, with mechanical strength being a critical factor in bone tissue engineering (BTE). The polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) composite is investigated in BTE studies. This review systematically explores the application of PCL/HA in the 3D printing of BTE scaffolds. A comprehensive search of relevant databases, including Embase, Scopus, MEDLINE online library, and Web of Science, was conducted to identify studies that met predefined eligibility criteria focused on PCL/HA composites for BTE scaffolds. Quality assessments and data extraction were performed using standardized tools, synthesizing data from 30 articles, with 8 included in the meta-analysis. The review identified four primary methods for preparing PCL/HA composites: MB, PB, SC, and LS routes. Characterization techniques such as SEM, XRD, TGA, DSC, and FTIR are highlighted as effective tools for evaluating the printed scaffolds. The meta-analysis revealed a&#xa0;standardized mean difference (SMD) of 4.203 in&#xa0;the synthesis techniques subgroup and an&#xa0;SMD of 2.943 in the&#xa0;HA% subgroup indicating, a substantial improvement in the modulus of the PCL/HA scaffolds compared to the control. The meta-analysis of three articles demonstrated a significant inverse relationship between porosity and elastic modulus in scaffolds. This review highlights key advancements in PCL/HA composites, paving the way for scalable and clinically viable BTE scaffold production. Additionally, the concept of Materials-only Tissue-engineered Scaffolds (MoTeS) is proposed for future research. The study also introduces Evidence-Based Regenerative Medicine (EBRM) as a framework for researchers, policymakers, and clinicians to make informed decisions and guide future research initiatives.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p> <p>3D printing enables precise fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds, enhancing the customization and effectiveness of medical treatments. Biomaterials must meet some requirements to be used in this method. The PCL/HA composite is widely studied in BTE research and can be a prominent candidate in MoTeS research.</p>

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3D printing of polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite composites for bone tissue engineering: a systematic review and meta-analysis of mechanical characteristics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • Saba Piretarighat,
  • Peyman Keyhanvar,
  • Saber Azami-Aghdash,
  • Hanieh Salehi-Pourmehr,
  • Fikrettin Şahin,
  • Roya Salehi,
  • Saeed Heidari Keshel,
  • Reza JavadRashid,
  • Masoud Naderpour,
  • Yalda Jabbari Moghaddam

摘要

3D printing has revolutionized tissue engineering (TE) in precision medicine. For effective use in TE, biomaterials must exhibit specific characteristics, with mechanical strength being a critical factor in bone tissue engineering (BTE). The polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) composite is investigated in BTE studies. This review systematically explores the application of PCL/HA in the 3D printing of BTE scaffolds. A comprehensive search of relevant databases, including Embase, Scopus, MEDLINE online library, and Web of Science, was conducted to identify studies that met predefined eligibility criteria focused on PCL/HA composites for BTE scaffolds. Quality assessments and data extraction were performed using standardized tools, synthesizing data from 30 articles, with 8 included in the meta-analysis. The review identified four primary methods for preparing PCL/HA composites: MB, PB, SC, and LS routes. Characterization techniques such as SEM, XRD, TGA, DSC, and FTIR are highlighted as effective tools for evaluating the printed scaffolds. The meta-analysis revealed a standardized mean difference (SMD) of 4.203 in the synthesis techniques subgroup and an SMD of 2.943 in the HA% subgroup indicating, a substantial improvement in the modulus of the PCL/HA scaffolds compared to the control. The meta-analysis of three articles demonstrated a significant inverse relationship between porosity and elastic modulus in scaffolds. This review highlights key advancements in PCL/HA composites, paving the way for scalable and clinically viable BTE scaffold production. Additionally, the concept of Materials-only Tissue-engineered Scaffolds (MoTeS) is proposed for future research. The study also introduces Evidence-Based Regenerative Medicine (EBRM) as a framework for researchers, policymakers, and clinicians to make informed decisions and guide future research initiatives.

Graphical abstract

3D printing enables precise fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds, enhancing the customization and effectiveness of medical treatments. Biomaterials must meet some requirements to be used in this method. The PCL/HA composite is widely studied in BTE research and can be a prominent candidate in MoTeS research.