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<p>This study analyses the boundary layer flow and heat transfer characteristics of a ternary hybrid nanofluid over an exponentially stretching sheet, considering the combined influences of thermal radiation and non-uniform heat generation or absorption. The working fluid is composed of water as the base fluid, enhanced with aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and carbon nanoparticles to improve thermal conductivity. Such fluids are particularly relevant in modern thermal engineering applications, including electronic cooling systems, solar energy collectors, and advanced manufacturing processes such as extrusion and polymer sheet production. The governing nonlinear equations, derived through similarity transformations, are numerically solved using the Keller box method. The effects of nanoparticle composition, radiation, and spatially varying heat source and sinks on velocity and temperature fields are thoroughly examined. In addition, skin friction and Nusselt number values are computed to assess surface drag and heat transfer efficiency. The findings contribute to the development of efficient thermal management systems in various industrial, electronic, and energy-related applications. The results also show marked improvements in the local Nusselt number, indicating enhanced thermal efficiency that highlight the impact of nanoparticle interactions on surface drag. These findings offer new insights into optimizing nanofluid-based thermal management technologies in electronics cooling, solar energy harvesting, and polymer extrusion processes.</p>

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Thermal and flow analysis of a ternary hybrid nanofluid over an exponentially stretching sheet with non-uniform heat source/sink and radiation using the keller box method

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月28日

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  • B. Vinoth Kumar

摘要

This study analyses the boundary layer flow and heat transfer characteristics of a ternary hybrid nanofluid over an exponentially stretching sheet, considering the combined influences of thermal radiation and non-uniform heat generation or absorption. The working fluid is composed of water as the base fluid, enhanced with aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and carbon nanoparticles to improve thermal conductivity. Such fluids are particularly relevant in modern thermal engineering applications, including electronic cooling systems, solar energy collectors, and advanced manufacturing processes such as extrusion and polymer sheet production. The governing nonlinear equations, derived through similarity transformations, are numerically solved using the Keller box method. The effects of nanoparticle composition, radiation, and spatially varying heat source and sinks on velocity and temperature fields are thoroughly examined. In addition, skin friction and Nusselt number values are computed to assess surface drag and heat transfer efficiency. The findings contribute to the development of efficient thermal management systems in various industrial, electronic, and energy-related applications. The results also show marked improvements in the local Nusselt number, indicating enhanced thermal efficiency that highlight the impact of nanoparticle interactions on surface drag. These findings offer new insights into optimizing nanofluid-based thermal management technologies in electronics cooling, solar energy harvesting, and polymer extrusion processes.